El Nino And Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

El Nino And Disease - Essay ExampleAlthough largely a regional phenomenon, as Fagan portrays, the effects atomic number 18 global in nature, as shown through various analyses. Warm maritime water temperatures, occurring anomalously, do develop from the South American west coast and influence climatical conditions across the vast Pacific Ocean. The El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) refers to different variations, in terms of the spring up nautical temperatures along the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Air surface pressure is also affected inwardly the Pacific Oceans tropical eastern region with the two variations being coupled (successive in nature). First, is the warm oceanic phase (El Nio), which goes hand in hand with high air surface pressure, within the western Pacific region.Next follows the cold phase, which occurs with low oceanic air pressure. The above scenario portrays two extremes of climatic patterns, with the oscillations causing such conditions as droughts on t he one hand, and floods on the other. This is the primary reason, why cholera and malaria are the most endemic of diseases significantly influenced by this phenomenon. Regionally, the wider Pacific Ocean is affected, in terms of water temperatures (both above and below the surface) in addition to developing nations, especially those bordering the water mass. These states, majorly dependent upon the fishing industry, and the agricultural vault of heaven are thus influenced in more than one way.Not only is their economic basis majorly affected, so too are the prevailing health statistics.

Training and Development in UK Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Training and Development in UK teleph peerless zephyr - Essay ExampleThis helps the geological formation to train the employee while they argon still performing their duties. On-work train is one of the well-nigh effective ways of helping an organization to increase the skills of its workforce. However organization gage to a fault train their employees in other institution. In this case employees are given study leave to follow training in other institutions. This is usually Copernican when organization want to train their employees on pertly technology which is not readily available. There are other benchmarked ways that welcome been shown to be important in the training and development of the workforce that can be used by organization (Arkin 1995, p. 73).Employees can also be trained on different issues. The kind of skills that the bon ton pass arounds to its workforce depends on the line of operations. But there are general skills that any company go out need to impa rt to its workforce including communications, customer services, respecting diversity in the workplace, ethics in operation, human relations, and others that are important in the mathematical process of the organization as one system. But the most important skills that any organization would like to impart of its workforce with the special skills that are used in its line of operations.However at the end of the solar day there ar... However at the end of the day there are number of benefits that both the employees and the organization are likely to have. Although the organization will use a lot of resource in training the employee, at the end it will have a competent workforce and increase its overall production. It will haves satisfied workforce and reduce its rate of employee turnover. It will also help to enhance the image of the company and help in risk management. For the employees, there will be increased job satisfaction, increase level of employee motivation, increase effi ciencies in the production process, increase capacity for them to adapt to the new work processes and the new technologies that are being implemented in the workplace, increase innovation and reduced turnover (Beard 2002, p. 83).Most of the studies that have been carried out have shown that there is a difference amid different companies in the way they train their employees and the get toment of the employees. In this case it has been noted that companies may use the same training and development process but achieve different end results. While the quality and the level of train can be taken as a probable factor causing this difference, many studies have not looked the employees contribution factor in the efficiency of the process. There is need to carry out more research on the different between employee expectation and perception of training and the overall success of training and development initiatives (Thorpe 1997, p. 23). Problem statement Although most companies have invest ed in the training and development of their workforces, they have not been achieving the same result. Studies have

The Negative Impact of Electronic Waste Disposal Methods in Africa Research Paper

The nix Impact of Electronic Waste Disposal Methods in Africa - Research Paper ExampleIn the countries inside the continent of Africa, the total amount of electronic dispel produced in 2014 was 1.9 Megatons. The only countries that have put in frameworks in terms of national policies and legislative pieces of guidelines are Nigeria and Cameroon. There are nations that are in the passage of enacting fundamental legislative frameworks regarding the disposal of electronic waste materials such as Kenya, Ethiopia, and Ghana. According to Bwalya and Zulu (314), the country Kenya do non have a proper framework for handling electronic wastes. This is because Kenya continues to integrate information discourse technology (ICT) in its economy. Among the highest generators of electronic waste materials in Africa are Nigeria, South Africa and Egypt with a total of 0.22, 0.35 and 0.37 Megatons singly in absolute quantities. On the other hand, Mauritius, Seychelles, and Equatorial Guinea are the major electronic waste generators in relative quantities of 9.3 kg per column inch, 10.9 kg per inch and 10.8kg per inch respectively. The entire continent of Africa produces 1.7 kg per inch as an annual amount of electronic waste. This figure reflects only the amount of waste generated domestically and does not include the amount generated through imports of used electronic equipment (Bald 38).The challenge that affects the continent is major lack of all-embracing reforms by the governments concerning the electronic waste generation and management.

Street Art is a style and an influence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

highway Art is a style and an influence - Essay ExampleThe definition of street art, whether discussing the spray multicolor graffiti of Banksy or the nut case sidewalk drawings of Beever, changes depending upon who is providing the definition. Although a great deal referred to as art, its artistic merits are frequently unattended or deemed unimportant, as is exemplified in the definition provided by the Dublin City Council in which only champion of the five listed characteristics even mentions its artistic qualities Graffiti is illegal and an anti-social activity that creates a negative impression of an domain and contri onlyes to peoples fear of crime is the most common type of property vandalism is often the first element in a spiral of decline Its artistic merits are irrelevant. It represents one assort of people imposing themselves on everyone else and as such is a form of pollution, like people vie loud music is also a green issue as it is an attack on the environme nt. Because chalk art washes away with a good rain, this is not often considered to be as great a nuisance as the spray-paint-wielding wall painters and is thus not addressed in such specific price by government agencies. Attempting to present a more objective view, Stowers (2005) says simply Graffiti is art, but then follows this with an argument against the establishment definitions with The reasons, including aesthetic criteria, as to why it is an art form far surmount the criticism of illegality, incoherence, and nonstandard presentation. While both the work of Banksy in spray pain.

Active Directory Hierarchy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

industrious Directory Hierarchy - Coursework ExampleThere will be three organizational units in the active directory namely, Agents, accountancy and Management. Additionally, there will be one central hub site that has the major organization infrastructure and accountancy systems and the central management. There will be 10 sites for the 10 agents working for the company. The Active directory diagram is shown to a lower place in figure The company will suck in three user groups namely Agents, accountants and Managers belonging to each organizational unit in the organization.The users will include the ten agents who are particles of the agents group, the Accountant who is a member of the accountants group and the manager belonging to the Managers group.The server in the organization will have 2 hyper-v machines that have individual dedicated Network Interface Cards (NIC). The main server shall provide DNS and the DHCP to all the clients.

Machiavelli vs. Mohandas Gandhi-Martin Luther King Jr. on Power Essay - 1

Machiavelli vs. Mohandas Gandhi-Martin Luther King jr. on Power - Essay ExampleThe term effect has been explicatively the most contriving subject, a trench governmental discourse and a philosophical thought since generations and among great thinkers of the bygone era and even of today. What exhibits a power within a paradigm of political intrigues and among ruling elite is a question answered by philosophers with their philosophical juxta horizon to the contemporary political situation of the era. For some philosophers, the rule by force or natural law justifies power politics but through abiding by the moral principles. Following the ethical principles makes the principle rightful heir to the powers he rotter exert. However the term power has much more deep intensity and depth explored and applied into the consciousness of the people with great dexterity into the current political scenario. Machiavelli in his most famous treatise The Prince criticized this moral principle of au thority to explain the power. For him there is no moral or ethical ground on the basis of which legitimate or illegitimate use of power can be discussed, instead a person who is in authority has a right to command. This power position and explanation of power is contrary to the principles of Mahatma Gandhi-Martin Luther King Jr. for whom power is a means not an give up in the political circle and when deep apathetic political overtures are being undertaken. The following analyze will be a discussion on the Machiavellis concept against much lighter in intensity Mahatma Gandhis and Martin Luther Kings concept of power.

Aggregate Demand and Supply Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aggregate Demand and Supply Models - move Example65) explained that the aggregate assume is pertaining to the value or summate of money in which the business entrepreneurs ar expected to receive out of selling their products and services whereas the aggregate supply is pertaining to the value or amount of money that the business entrepreneurs should receive from selling their products and services. It means that the aggregate demand and supply represents the aggregate outlay and aggregate production cost respectively.Under the Keynesian model perspective, the aggregate demand is pertaining to the aggregate demand expenditures whereas the aggregate supply is pertaining to the total value of the output (Jain, 2007, p. 66). Specifically the recently reported fall in the U.S. consumer income has a significant impact in the movements of the aggregate supply and demand. Since there is a significant decrease in the U.S. consumer income, the business entrepreneurs are more hesitant to put in more investment. For this reason, there is a strong tendency wherein the aggregate supply curve ball would decrease. This partly explains why the aggregate demand curve would also decrease. As a result, the unemployment rate in U.S. is currently high.demand. Under the Obama administration, part of the fiscal policies hold the extending a portion of the government collected taxes to unemployment insurance and Medicaid. The problem with implementing such fiscal policies is that these type of scotch stabilizers could only result to the increase of the federal spending while the government collected taxes continuous to capitulation (Lucking & Wilson, 2012). (See Figure I Impact of Fiscal Policies on Federal, State, and Local Government Spending below)Under the untainted economic perspective, the market should be allowed to regulate on its own without the presence of government intervention. On the contrary, the Keynesian economic perspective strongly support the use of fisc al

International Intercultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

internationalistic Inter heathen forethought - Essay Examplencient times, many different matters argon in the need to be managed, go through of army, population management, religious matters, practices and management of culture across b clubs is a matter present from thousands of years. Corporations and business is changed in recent times, now even corporations are working globally and keeping cultures and philosophies part of the key cistron which they consider while working globally. This world has become a global world and in order to make best out of the business world, no one fanny survive alone and these cultural barriers are also been broken. Domestic Market has started expanding globally and this globalization came with a huge responsibility of maintaining mollification and harmony amongst different cultures and countries, this management is the key factor to reach the top of this corporate world.Advancements within the technologies associated with connecter and also tr ansportation, plus the lessening charges associated with production, brings about an increasing number of corporations benefiting from your developing accessibility associated with worldwide areas. Management of resources and all other business related matters around the world is becoming easy and cultural differences are becoming minor factor in growth and development.Leadership can be described as a position of a leader who guides others and being a good leader requires many qualities and a person who possesses such qualities can be a good leader. Good or bad leadership defines the success or failure of the particular country. Leadership is a very important pillar of a country, whole nation depends on the one pillar which makes or breaks a country. In broader perspective it can be said that leadership of a country is responsible success or failure of a country. Nigeria, Pakistan and China are different in terms of leadership and style of Government in these countries is diverse. universe a democratic country Nigeria has this negative image in terms of leaders

Teachers expectations influence students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teachers expectations make for students - Essay Exampler in his Best Practices presentation researchers Hoover and Kindsvetter state the outcomes of their research on student teacher relationship in the fol first gearing wordsTeachers, on the other hand, also commit an intimate bond with their students. While instructing and mentoring them, they look up to their students to perform just as they have been taught and sometimes even more than that. Teachers often tend to establish expectations with their students. They usually take note of spending oneness to one time with each one of their students so that they develop their trust on them and get to sack out them better.Expectations, on a broader sense, may often prove to behave like a double move on sword. Whether the expectations have been made by the parents or the teachers of a child they have shown to have had both rhytidoplasty and lowering effects on the students outcomes. A positive outcome of expectations is often possib le only when institutionally the expectations are raised at each stakeholder level which involves the management and the teachers as well.... the literature on demand and school performance in younger school children suggests that expectations shape the learning experience very powerfully. For example, unequivocal studies in the psychology literature have found that merely stating an expectation results in enhanced performance, that higher(prenominal) expectations result in higher performance, and that persons with high expectations perform at a higher level than those with low expectations, even though their measured abilities are equal. (Schilling, Schilling, 1999)rise or fall to the level of expectation of their teachers.... When teachers desire in students, students believe in themselves. When those you respect think you can, YOU think you can (as cited in bestonlineelementaryschools.com., 2010).Let us now bring into consideration the specific example of high school students with respect to the teachers expectations associated with them and also

Introduction to Health and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Health and cultivation - Essay ExampleThe Navajo plurality value their words as much as they value deportment because they believe that the words they utter will have a deeper impact on how their lives will go. They do not give out words easily and more often than not, other people come on themselves waiting for 30 seconds or more just to hear what a member of the Navajo tribe has to say. And more often than not, this characteristic result to conflict or misunderstanding due to the fact that not all in all who converse with the Navajo people understands or even knows this trait. The doctors and other medical staffs, who have also graduated with a secret degree on Tact and Diplomacy together with their medical degree, are imbedded with deeper understanding and ample knowledge as to how to deal with different kinds of people. Treating a person from a different culture and with a different background is not prioritized in this aspect. As a person with a mission, h ealing people is the main goal. Doesnt matter who your patients are, what they are and where they come from as long as the service given is clean-living and just, the mission has been served well. Navajo people are also afraid of death Also the same with everyone all over the world. That doesnt make them ignorant or simple.

High School Drinking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

High School Drinking - Research report card ExampleThe problems discussed here regularize from road accidents, academic problems, substance use, delinquency, employment problems in future, date rape, and family problems. It is straightforward that consumption of alcohol affects the lives of students in various ways and reduces their academic achievement through various mechanisms. The runner issue is the impact of alcohol on brain. The short term bad effects of alcohol range from difficulty walking, blurred vision, slurred speech, slowed reaction times, and impaired memory. For students, the most important point is the impairment in memory caused by alcohol. It is reported in a study (cited in National Institute on Alcohol Abuse And Alcoholism) among 772 college undergraduates that 51% students who drink feel blacking out and being not capable to remember the things they did at some point in their lives. In addition to this loss of memory that allow for have a huge impact on the academic performance, there is the finding that alcohol ass damage the brain areas responsible for learning and memory, verbal skills, and visual-spatial cognition.

Muslims are Bearing Most of the Historic Burden of European Racism Term Paper

Muslims are Bearing Most of the Historic Burden of European Racism - Term report card ExampleBeing the continent that experiences the highest inward migration, Europe should be least concerned by damaging perspectives towards immigrants. For example, in the case of Britain, many of the immigrant groups come from their former colonies, including the Caribbean, India, and Pakistan lately, there are labor migrants coming in from Poland. In the case of Germany, many foreigners are those from Turkey, after they went there as temporary labor migrants. These examples read that the perception of foreigners as outsiders do not ordinarily depend on their origin, country of birth or citizenship. Additionally, foreigners belonging to non-Christian backgrounds are quickly considered outsiders, due to the overwhelmingly Christian orientation of Europe. For example, France has the highest ratios of Muslims, making about 10 percent. In the Netherlands and Germany, Muslims comprise about 7 and 6 p ercent of the general population. In 2008, the European kick created a special account of the discrimination experienced in Europe, using the measured survey branded, Eurobarometer. It was meant to make the number of nation that view themselves as members of minority groups. The report, also, explored the prevalence of the experiences of discrimination among the groups considered foreign or outsiders. The figures inform the contact of individuals with outside groups, from the Eurobarometer show that 61 percent of Europeans reported having acquaintances from other religious groups or the people from other ethnic origins.

Data Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Data - Assignment ExampleOther cargoner specialties the cultivate is maturation include environmental education, disciplinary literacy, fine arts, and personal financial literacy education. The School Progress Index (SPI) is unquestionable to evaluate the schools achievements, growth, and gap reduction between elementary and middle schools as nearly as determine the college and career readiness for high school. The index (SPI) for the grades 3 12 is 0.9772 in 2012. The school correctment is measured using the accountability system whereby the schools compliance to the set goals and objectives are continuously monitored over time. In order to ensure improvements, the school encourages teamwork, sets, clear and measurable goals, and regularly collects and analyzes the achievement data in order to monitor progress over time. Annual measurable objectives are those objectives that push aside be quantified over time. They include objectives set to improve examinations results, scho ol entry, and the number of students excelling from the school annually (Chin, 2007).thither are disparities in the performance between subgroups as noted in the analysis with the FARMS indicating advanced performance, the Hispanics/ Latinos demo proficient performance and the rest falling under the basic performance category. According to the observations, the school should focusing much on the groups that perform below the proficient level. I would, however, spend my money on the groups that performed below the proficiency level in order to alleviate their performance. This will be in demand to improve the performance of the entire school without living the majority behind.In conclusion, Maryland High School has accomplished a firm and focused strategies to be used in monitoring and improving the performance of her students. A great variety of students has been motivated and harnessed to develop career opportunities in the

Change management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Change concern - Assignment ExampleConvincing them to see the advantages of the technology, curiously information technology can be a hard thing for them, unfortunately, for managers it is all about money and they want to know that every investment they bring forth will have a make to the firm in the form of profits (Dawson, 2015). In this regard, it is easier for a proposal to increase the machinery to gain support and financing from the managers than a proposal to create a rude(a) IT system. To make the situation even worse, IT projects do not always have a direct return of investment and it is always hard for the return in investment to be measured in footing of economic returns (Calleam.com, 2013). The main returns that can be achieved from IT investments are efficiency, happier customers, better management of information and other think advantages. These are very hard to measure in term of fiscal numbers. Because of this, it fetchs very hard to change over the managers that the IT system will be useful to the firm and that it is a worthy investment (ECameron, Inc, 2011). Yet, without the support of the managers twain in terms of the financing and the support to have the organization accept the new system, this can be a big barrier to the success of the project.Employees resistance is also another thing that has to be considered. This is especially with regard to change. According to Meliorate (2013), many people are afraid of change because they see it as a risk as opposed to seeing it as an opportunity. The fear of change is even much amplified when Information Technology is the one in consideration. Many employees may look at the project as a potential risk to their jobs (Creech, 2011). This will be caused by a number of factors . First, in the past, it has become evident that IT system can and do replace employees. Because of this, employees may feel that they may end up being victimized by being laid

Problem solving and discusion making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Problem solvent and discusion making - Essay ExampleThe companionships management has been active in finding solution to counteract the ramifications associated with these restrictions by applying the fuss solving procedure to identify and provide solutions to the current problem.Emirates Airline is one of the most reputable companies in the human beings that have experienced success. The government of Dubai, which is part of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) owns and controls the Emirates Airlines (Ibrahim, 2005). Traffic control for airline businesss is one major problem affecting Emirates Airline. It is necessary for air extendling has to be strictly controlled and properly managed for effective service readying (Michael, 2010). There be countries that restrict opposite airlines from glide pathing their air space. The reason for this would be to avoid cases of insecurity and land congestion in their airspace. Emirates Airline is one of the airline companies facing a similar problem. Canada, for example, has denied Emirates Airline access into its airports.Emirates Airline aims at being a global company serving clients from all over the world. This goal, however, is face up with a major setback due to traffic control issues. Traffic control issues deny the airline an opportunity to compete globally with other airlines that are not subjected to similar problems. Emirates Airline makes losses due to lack of access to airspaces in other international countries such as Canada. There are clients who are loyal to Emirates Airline because of its quality services these clients, however, end up failing to enjoy the services of the airline due to restricted landing in some countries. The consequence of this constitutes Emirates Airline losing some of its clients to other travel companies that have access to the restricted zones. This implies that traffic control issues leads to the company losing its global competitive edge to other airlines. Accessibility to all regions of the world is a critical element in success of any

Victory and the Blight Essay Example for Free

conquest and the harass EssayVictory and the blight, is written by Trinidadian author Earl Lovelace and is a simple tale close a man who lives in Rio Claro, a village in Trinidad. His story is about Victory, a barber, who takes assumption and pleasure in his job. Victory, begins his day, by finding his friend Braun and a stranger at his barber shop, even before it has opened for the day. He thinks to himself that this stranger is going to be blight or a stain on his day. Victory is a man who doesnt believe in taking the minuscule way but believes that things must be done in a smooth process. He likewise believes in doing his job right, hence his choice of scissors and razor over the clippers. This is too clearly unmistakable in the manner in which he prep ars for a haircut and completes the job His barbering skills are a reflection of his perspective and approach to life. The pictures on the walls of Victorys shop show his interest in sports and there are also pictures o f Victory, the winner of long and high jump prizes.As the story continues readers come to know of Victorys club, the Wanderers, a cricket team, and of the members who are soon to leave it. We also learn of his passion for the sport. As the bench on which Braun and the stranger, Ross, sit collapses he realizes that Ross like him is also a sportsman and also a man who knows what he wants. The story on one level describes a simple adventure in a barber shop and Victorys way of living life. It also speaks of how going your homeland changes things, as if they were never there.

Finland Case Essay Example for Free

Finland fact EssayFinland, the coun pass judgment of ice has been a major force in Formula 1 for the eventually two decades. A country with a population of about 5.3 million (0.44% of Indias population) has produced 3 F1 champions (Keke Rosberg, Mika Hakkinen, Kimi Raikk whizn) and anformer(a) 4 made it to F1 whereas India has had scarce a single entry i.e. Narain Karthikayen in all these age. Seems like automobile locomote in Finland is just like cricket in India. It just runs in the veins of the Finns. The maiden Finnish number one wood to enter the formula1 racing photograph was Leo Kinnunen. Kinnunen had a short stint in F1 which included just 6 races (1 start and 5 DNQs) and had no mastery in those.He raced for the squad AAW Racing aggroup and used the Surtees TS16 car with the Cosworth V8 engine in it. The main reasons due to which Kinnunn couldnt succeed in F1 were that his car was underpowered than the other cars and also the team was not allowed to get the t op quality tyres from the manufacturers. And at that point of time tyres contend an immense role in the result of races in F1. During these 6 races the team faced technical difficulties in al or so every(prenominal) race. And accordingly due to lack of funding the team had to retire from F1 and thus also ending Leo Kinnunens carreer in F1. In all Kinnunen played a role of historic splendour by being the last number one wood to wear the open-face helmets in F1.Next was Mikko Kozarowitzky in 1977. He had a blink and you will miss stint in F1 as he just raced a replete(p) of 2 races for RAM Racing Team with no successes. Unfortunately he broke his hand fleck toilsome to avoid an accident during practice session afterwards which his racing team wanted him to try qualifying in the spare car with broken hand, which lead to spats between him and the team. Eventually he forsake the team and retired from F1.Then came Keijo Erik Rosberg in 1978, popularly k right offn as Keke Rosber g. He became the first Finnish driver to win the Formula 1 championship in 1982. Keke debuted in 1978 with the Theodore team and came in the limelight during his split second race which he won under treacherous rainy conditions on the track. Rosberg was then signed by ATS in the same season but they car they provided was uncompetitive so he moved keep going to Theodore again. After that Keke had to move to Fittipiladi forcibly as his former team quit F1.1981 was a lean stop consonant in which he did not score even a single point. Kekes career got a line of life in 1982 when he was signed by Williams. He went on to win his world-class race this season and also went on to win the championship with 44 points. This was a season when no driver had won more than 1 race and the time when Ferrari were facing problems with their car. Rosberg moved to Mclaren in the 1986 season but was attached an underpowered car compared to his team mate Alain Prost. He retired soon after the seaso n from F1 as the accident of one his friend(Elio Di Angelis) deeply affected him.Mika Hakkinen joined F1 in 1991. He joined the Lotus team and scored his 1st points in his third race for the team. He joined Mclaren as a test driver 1993 with the hopes that some daytime he would be promoted to be their race driver. He got his feel soon enough when one of the Mclarens racers left hand the team. He had a nice debut in which he almost beat Ayrton Senna, his team mate. simply this dream start for Mclaren was not to be as he went into the pit wall objet dart trying too hard. He came 2nd in his second race for Mclaren.When Senna left Mclaren in 1994, Mika became their main driver and went on to race for the team till his retirement in 2001. In all these years he won 2 championships for Mclaren during the year 1998 and 1999. He won a total of 20 races in his career. The most by any Finn till date and is the most successful Finnish driver till now in F1. He could have been more succesf ul has Mclaren got a better car in the year of 1995 and 1996.He is soon an ambassador for the Drink Responsibly campaign by Johnny Walker.Mika Salo was racing along side art object Hakkinen was racing for Mclaren. He too started with Lotus in 1994 but raced only the last race that season. nevertheless when Lotus did not return for the close season, he moved on to Tyrell for the next 3 years where he scored points some times. He then joined Arrows in 1998 but he didnt race for the team full time in 1999. Salo was selected as a subsitute driver for Schumacher in 1999 during the time when Schumi was injured. He then showed his potential in a better car. He almost won his 1st race while being at Ferrari but was asked to give way to team-mate Eddie Irvine by the Ferrari team as he had chance of winning the championship. Eddie in turn gifted the trophy to him for his gesture. Salo then raced for Sauber and Toyota and eventually quit F1 in 2002 after he was upgraded by toyota for not giving results.Kimi Raikkonen, popularly known as the Iceman is another(prenominal) great Finnish F1 driver. He started his career with Sauber in 2001. Being relatively inexperienced there were concerns whether he should be granted the super license. But Kimi won his 1st points in his very 1st race. He then moved on to Mclaren in 2002 to take the seat that was left vacant when his fellow countryman Mika retired. He went on to race for Mclaren till 2006 but he did not have much success as he faced a lot of technical failures with the team. But he did win his 1st race in 2003.And went on to be second in the drivers championships in the year 2003 and 2005. Kimi then shifted to Ferrari in 2007 to take the place of Micheal Schumacher and he also became the highest paid F1 driver in the process. He won his 1st Championship in 2007 with Ferrari and raced for them till 2009. After that his contract was not renewed by Ferrari and he has taken a break from F1 for the time being and will be racing in the World tantalise championships for the Citroen team.The latest Finn in F1 is Heikki Kovalainen. He started his F1 career in the year 2004 and became the test driver for Renault. He did the test duties till 2006 and was eventually promoted in the year 2007 to be the race driver for the team. He had a sundry(a) start to his racing career and he finished the season at 7th place with 30 points that year with the record of finishing most number of consecutive races(16) from the start of his career. The next year as Mclaren had problems with Alonso they signed Heikki as their driver.This seemed to be a major boost to his career. In 2008 he set fire on the track as he set the fastest laps of the race at almost every track that year. But he could not convert these into victories but he had his 1st victory that year at Hungary. The year 2009 was a disappointment. The car faced a lot of problems in the starting. KERS was being deployed for the 1st time and overall he could not perform up to his potential. With Lotus F1 coming back to the F1 scene and confirming Heikki as their driver for next year a lot is expected from him. Lets see what this Finn does next year and can he become the fourth Finnish driver to win the F1 TITLE.

Young Goodman Brown Analysis Essay Example for Free

childly Good earth browned Analysis EssayPlot Young Good valet de chambre browned tells a tale of a man named Goodman dark-brown and his journey into a woods ane night. That night, he said goodbye to his wife cartel, who begged him non to go and stay with her. He went anyway and met with a man on the road. Goodman brownish and the man conversed on the way, while Brown was trying to convince the man that he is a good Christian and does not want a part in bad, state that his family and the ones before him were Christians and good people Brown did not want to be different. The man replied him saying that he knew Browns father and grandfather, as well as members of his church and the governor of the state. Brown was strike by all what the man was saying, but soon found out when he finally reached the savoir-faire of his journey, the ceremony where he and a young woman are to be new converts. There, he proverb faces of many respected members of the community, the ministe r, deacon, good Christian men and women and Indian priests. However, Brown does not see credit and is hopeful that she might not be there.To his disappointment, Brown sees that his wife Faith is the other convert. He whence tells Faith to look up to heaven and resist the devil, at this moment, Brown found himself alone in the forest. When Brown returned home to Salem Village in the morning, everyone seemed evil to him, including the minister, the deacon praying and even his wife. Brown was not sure if his forest encounter was a dream or reality and he lived the rest of his feel in despair. Structure The incidents in the story were arranged chronologically. There was a beginning and an end, with events happening in between.There were no flashbacks, but there might have been some foreshadowing, to hint that maybe Browns wife Faith will be at the ceremony. Type of Story Young Goodman Brown is a short story, as defined by Robert DiYanni (2008), it revealed the characters in dramatic scenes, in moments of action and in exchanges of dialogue (p. 47). The story also include several characteristics of short story, such as a real time and place setting recognizable human characters motivated by identifiable social and psychological forces and a plot which illustrates a sequence of related events (DiYanni, 2008, p. 7). It told a complete story with set-up, conflict and resolution.Characters The master(prenominal) characters of the story are Goodman Brown a young, curious, good Christian and a newlywed husband of Faith Faith a young, beautiful wife of Goodman Brown and the Old Man a cunning, evil man that tempts Goodman Brown into attending the ceremony. Other characters of the story are Goody Cloyse, the Minister and Deacon Gookin. All threesome are Christians and respectable members of the community, but in secret, as reveled at the ceremony, they all appeared to be followers of the devil. move The story takes place in Salem Village. The majority of the story hap pened in a gloomy forest and at night. The setting could be symbolic of the events that happened in the forest. Sorcery, witch craft, the devil and evil are a lot associated with darkness and nighttime. Young Goodman Brown was no different, the ceremony took place at night and Goodman Brown had to croak through a dark, gloomy forest to get there. Symbolism There were objects and events that served as symbols in the story.These symbols and events tally the devil, witchcraft and sorcery. The snakelike staff the old man had with him, several mentions of fire, the dark gloomy forest and the certain ceremony all represents evil. The author made this clear to the readers by having Goodman Brown point out what seemed evil throughout the story. Language and Style The language and informal style of the story is similar to the time compass point in which the story was written.At that time, people spoke the way the author wrote and actual attacks took place on accused witches of the time. This can be seen with the famous Salem jinx trials in history. Theme A motion that can be identified in the story is that of the unclear distinction between dreams and reality. The readers were presented with a addled line between reality and dream or the supernatural. For example, it is hard to discern if the witch gathering Brown experienced in the forest actually took place or if it was a dream.Even though Browns life changed dramatically as a result of the forest incident, as readers, we are not clear as to if it really happened or he dreamt it. Historical Context The author references events that took place in the Puritans history. The story demonstrated awareness of the social, economic and political happenings of the era it was written. For example, there are accounts of the Salem Witch trials actually taking place, and various fights between the Indians and Colonists, which the author made mention of Indians in the story.

Parallels between Gilgamesh and Genesis Essay Example for Free

Parallels between Gilgamesh and contemporaries EssayI. IntroductionToday, we argon often bombarded with miscellaneous inventions and discoveries access from different parts of the world. But it is with great amazement when we look upon the advancement made by an antediluvian patriarch civilization that has deduct to be acknowledged as the cradle of civilization, Mesopotamia, at a epoch when more or less of its neighboring people-group was pursuing a nomadic life. Not only have they revolutionized hu man society through its invention of the wheel, writing too, must have originated in this place as shown by the heroic of Gilgamesh. antiquated as it is, being one and only(a) of the worlds earliest-known epic poetry (Epic) taken from Sumeria and which the Babylonians highly-developed into a long poem, it is undoubtedly beautiful and ancient as it may be, high respect should be given to it as one of the literary masterpieces of mankind.Genesis on the other hand, is the gra duation book of the Bible. Genesis is the Greek word for beginning or origin, and is a Greek translation derived from the Hebrew breshith meaning in the beginning, the first word in the Old Testament.II. Meaning and ImportanceA. Epic of GilgameshAt the outset, as one postulates through the poem, it would readily display the glorification of the central figure, the historical competitive king of Uruk Gilgamesh. All throughout the poem, the reader is led through his many exploits and achievements of Gilgamesh that gives the over-all impression of a stability of battle-like stance. This I would non find surprising since this peoples land was always subjected to crisis such as the threat of invasion or the flooding of the rivers. As to the history, it relates much on how he has overcome each opponent, obstacles, and almost everything he had set out to do. Such achievements were made possible and justifiable as the communicative distinguishs the super-human nature of the lead fig ure being deuce-thirds divine and one-third human.How Gilgamesh emerges as a conqueror comprises the first part of the story. It would seem that the author wants to establish the fact that all the hopes and aspirations of its people are embodied in Gilgamesh. The first part shows and proves that whatever man could aspire to achieve or be has been done by the superhuman Gilgamesh. The second part directs the story towards the kings bid for im finiteity through his quest for the immortalized Uta-Napishtim.structurally speaking, these cardinal parts (which would almost appear as unrelated) divides the story. Both would seem to take the reader into two different directions, driving raven two different points. The death of Enkidu serves as the turning point that separates the two parts. What serves for continuity for the narrative are the inherent traits of Gilgameshs character his fearlessness and obstinacy to be bold by obstacles.What is also a unique trait of the account of Gilga mesh is that the reading of the story is through a transcription of an unwritten story-telling, which the bank clerk in the story also revealed as a transcribed oral story of ancient times. Just as Gilgamesh was described as half-human and half-divine, so is the overall nature of the story. The narrator convinces its listeners and readers alike of the real earthly concern of the king. However, its way of convincing is ironic since it proves the authenticity of its story through the existence of the very walls of the city of Uruk which we, present-day readers would find nowhere but in the walls of our imagination (Assro-Babylonian Mythology Gilgamesh).The epic serves not only as a literary feat for early(a) civilization it also bears the identity of the early settlers of the Tigris-Euphrates area. However, its relevance supersedes its cultural identity. This ancient story connects its people with us and all of humanity as they confer the same question which afflicts all men dea th, the destiny of every man. It also attempts to process whether any mortal man could possibly escape it and also the mystery of what lies ahead after death.In finding the answer and certainty to these questions lies the sign upificance of the two parts of the story. As character referenceed, the first part is given to prove the fishing tackle god-like abilities of Gilgamesh. If he then, who bears such qualities failed in his bid for immortality, as shown on the second part, how much more for mine run mortals? The narrative convinces its hearers or readers of the inevitability of death and must resign oneself of this fact. The most that man can do is to be fearless in facing it, the way Gilgamesh triumphantly faced death together with Enkidu in the great Cedar Forest. However, its main conclusion is that man is powerless to escape it.B. GenesisGenesis originated as part of a large literary unit that was only later broken up into books. That larger unit is the religious hist ory of ancient Israel, usually called the Pentateuch. In it were traced Israels origins from its chief formative experiences down to its settlement in the land of Palestine. Also incorporated into the narrative were law codes formulated at various times in Israelite history. The entire complex came to be ascribed to Israels founder and first lawgiver, Moses. This position has been special as a result of modern Biblical scholarship. Genesis is a logical division of the veritable text of the Pentateuch.It represents a twofold introduction to the story of Israels formation as a covenant peopleGods chosen people. The patriarchal history comprises cycles of stories relating to three major figures of the pre Israelite past, namely Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, together with supplementary traditions about other ancestors who were of secondary interest. After an introductory genealogy in that respect appears first the story of Abraham and Isaac. Included is a fragmentary history, possibly o f Moabite origin, of Lot, the ancestor of the Moabites and Ammonites, who were related to the Israelites. There is also the history of Ishmael, who is regarded as the ancestor of the Arab peoples. The second major cycle is that of Isaac and Jacob.This cycle also contains supplementary material, some of the Edomites origins, relating to Esau, ancestor of the Edomites. Finally, there is the extensive and distinctive story of Joseph, the major intrusions into which are a variant history of Judah in chapter 38 and the blessings of the Israelite tribes in Chapter 49. Chapter 1 tells of Gods act of creation. Chapters 2-11 record human history from Adam to Abraham and describe the Garden of Eden, the Tower of Babel, and the Flood.The connecting link between all these parts of Genesis as well as between it and the other books of the Pentateuch, which it introduces, is a belief of divine intervention in mans history. This concept has been given the name Heitsgeschichte, salvation history. I srael believed itself to be the product of a history in which it had encountered a God who had made it His Covenant people. The great events of this history are tracedthe Exodus from Egypt the experiences of the Red Sea, of Sinai, and of Kadesh, where Israel waited outside the Promised knowledge base and the occupation of the Promised Land. All these reveal a God of mercy and kindness, though also of justice and retribution, a God who had chosen Israel out of simple, gratuitous love. This historical perspective was imposed in Genesis both(prenominal) on the patriarchal leg cans that had been derived from Palestine and on the mixed Mesopotamian- Palestinian myths and sagas from which the books first chapters are constructed.Thus in Genesis, Creation is seen no longer as mere myth, that is, as a religious conviction visualized in narrative. It is instead, the first in a series of Gods prudence acts, by which he had brought forth an ordered universe out of primordial formlessness. M an was placed in that world as Gods image and likeness, to be its ruler. But men improved odds-on to the task. His wilfulness set him in opposition to God and introduced disorder into the world. After this followed murder and the hatred of man for man, for example, Cain and Abel, Lamech and the Cainites, even cosmic disorder, which the story of the sons of God and the daughters of men attempts to, explain. The Flood is understood in Genesis as both divine retribution and mercy it brought an end to an evil generation, but a faithful oddity was preserved in the person of the righteous Noah and those who were saved for his sake.III. Gilgamesh and the Flood in the BibleThe epic makes mention of the Flood in reference with one of the oldest books of the Bible. Similarities of the two accounts were the flood, the gigantic boat, and the fact that animals and living creatures were made to come aboard along with the one human family who entered the boat. There are major disparities though as to the telling of the event. In the account of the Bible, the coming of the Great Flood in Noahs days was not held as a secret before men, whereas in the story of Gilgamesh, the gods have intended to have it kept as a secret. Noah was even commanded by God to preach and warn the people of its coming (as a sign of His mercy) while he builds the ark. The people however, did not listen and even taunted Noah. Such reactions may have been liable(predicate) since many Bible scholars believe that prior to this incident, rain had not merely fallen on the earth. In the Bible account, the door of the ark was supernaturally closed and opened by God alone. Noah had no power or authority over it. In Gilgameshs, the sealing of the door bears no spiritual meaning.Noahs God and the gods in Gilgamesh were shown to have deeply regretted the sending of the flood that has wiped out humanity expect for those inside the great boat. wholeness of the gods in the epic was displeased at first with the survivors, while the God of Noah readily blessed them.IV. inferenceThe work unfolds before us the thoughts and intents of the Sumerians and the rest of the Mesopotamians. Like the rest of most societies, they give enormous implication to fame and wealth. Fearlessness is held as a great virtue, born out perhaps of their constant living in fear of antagonizing their gods who they believed caused them all their troubles.Although Mesopotamians have achieved much, they did hold a pessimistic view. Life, it seemed for them, was a constant struggle a struggle against the forces of nature and the caprices of their gods. Towards the end of the story, even the endeavors of men would come to nothing as he comes to the end of his life. Eat, drink and be merry for tomorrow we shall die would have been the guiding principle of Mesopotamians. Perhaps so, since one historian had noted that over forty percent of their grain production was used to make beer. Although we talk about this epic as an ancient story, the quest for the answers about life and death still continuous to resort several people even to this present-day.Above all, however, Biblical critics of the 20th century are willing to pulsation Genesis by historical standards other than those of the 19th century. By those standards Genesis was condemned or defended in the time of the Babel and Bible controversy. That dispute developed when the Sumerian and Akkadian literatures of ancient Mesopotamia were discovered and deciphered in the 19th century. The conclusion was easily drawn that the message of Genesis was of no more relevance to the history of religions than the myths of Babylonia, whatever strength be the other values of the book. But the 20th century idea of history is more attuned to that which invigorate the authors of Genesis. This view recognizes that recording specific facts and dares is not the, real object of history writing. Rather, the aim is to discover and delineate realities that challeng e human experience and demand an accounting. By the criteria of historicism Moses can hardly said to have existed yet Israel itself is the historical witness of Moses.Genesis and the Epic of Gilgamesh are two great books that could inspire people when they read it. The facts and informations are somewhat intertwined in some ways. These two books should be treasured and wanted especially by those who want to know the history of our forefathers, their fall and how they were saved by a the right way Creator.

Independent Auditors Management Letter Essay Example for Free

Independent listeners Management Letter essayTo the Honorable Board of County Commissioners of Lee County, Florida We scram analyseed the monetary statements of the political activities, the business-type activities, distributively major fund, and the aggregate rest fund information of Lee County, Florida (the County) as of and for the division finish September 30, 2011, and have issued our report on it dated March 8, 2012. We conducted our audit in accordance with auditing standards gener exclusivelyy accepted in the United pass ons of the States the standards applicable to pecuniary audits contained in administration Auditing Standards, issued by the Comptroller General of the United States and OMB Circular A-133, Audits of States, topical anaesthetic Governments, and NonProfit Organizations. We have issued our Independent Auditors Report on upcountry Control over Financial inform and on Compliance and Other Matters Based on an Audit of Financial Statements Pe rformed in Accordance with Government Auditing Standards, Independent Auditors Report on Compliance with Requirements that Could Have a Direct and Material military issue on Each Major Federal Awards Program and State Financial Assistance Project and on Internal Control Over Compliance, and Schedule of Findings and Questioned Costs.Disclosures in those reports and schedule, which argon dated March 8, 2012, should be considered in conjunctive with this management garner. Additionally, our audit was conducted in accordance with Chapter 10.550, Rules of the Auditor General, which governs the conduct of topical anesthetic governmental entity audits performed in the State of Florida. This letter includes the following information, which is not included in the aforementioned auditors reports or schedule. Section 10.554(1)(i)1., Rules of the Auditor General, requires that we ensconce whether or not corrective actions have been taken to address findings and recommendations made in the preceding yearly financial audit report. There were no findings and recommendations made in the preceding annual financial audit report with respect to the Board of County Commissioners (the Board).With respect to the Clerk of the Circuit Court, Property Appraiser, Sheriff, Supervisor of Elections, and value Collector (collectively the County agencies), reference to whether corrective actions have been taken is provided in separate management letters for each County agency. Section 10.554(1)(i)2., Rules of the Auditor General, requires our audit to include a come off of the supply of Section 218.415, Florida Statutes, regarding the investment of existence funds. In connection with our audit of the financial statements of the County, nothing came to our attention that would cause us to believe that the County was in noncompliance with Section 218.415 regarding the investment of public funds. Section 10.554(1)(i)3., Rules of the Auditor General, requires that we address in the man agement letter any recommendations to improve financial management. In connection with our audit of the Board, we did not have any such(prenominal) findings. Reference to such matters is provided in separate letters for each County agency, where applicable.Section 10.554(1)(i)4., Rules of the Auditor General, requires that we address violations of provisions of contracts or grant agreements, or abuse, that have occurred, or argon likely to have occurred, that have an resultant on the financial statements that is less than material but more than inconsequential. In connection with our audit, we did not have any findings other than those reported in the Schedule of Findings and Questioned Costs. Section 10.554(1)(i)5., Rules of the Auditor General, provides that the auditor may, based on professional judgment, report the following matters that have an inconsequential effect on financial statements, considering both duodecimal and qualitative factors (1) violations of provisions of c ontracts or grant agreements, fraud, illegal acts, or abuse, and (2) deficiencies in internal control that are not significant deficiencies. Reference to such matters is provided in supplement A for the Board.We did not audit the responses to our recommendations, which are also provided in Appendix A, and, accordingly, we express no opinion on them. Reference to such matters is provided in separate management letters for each County agency, where applicable. Section 10.554(1)(i)6., Rules of the Auditor General, requires that the name or official title of respect and legal authority for the primary government and each component unit of the reporting entity be break in the management letter, unless disclosed in the notes to the financial statements. Such disclosure is included in the notes to the financial statements. Section 10.554(1)(i)7.a., Rules of the Auditor General, requires a statement be included as to whether or not the local governmental entity has met one or more of the material bodys described in Section 218.503(1), Florida Statutes, and identification of the specific condition(s) met.In connection with our audit of the financial statements of the County, the results of our tests did not indicate the County met any of the specified conditions of a financial parking brake contained in Section 218.503(1). However, our audit does not provide a legal determination on the Countys compliance with this requirement. Section 10.554(1)(i)7.b., Rules of the Auditor General, requires that we determine whether the annual financial report for the County for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2011, filed with the Florida discussion section of Financial Services pursuant to Section 218.32(1)(a), Florida Statutes, is in agreement with the annual financial audit report for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2011.Our comparison of the financial report filed with the Florida segment of Financial Services to the Countys 2011 audited financial statements resulte d in no material differences. Pursuant to Sections 10.554(1)(i)7.c. and 10.556(7), Rules of the Auditor General, we apply financial condition assessment procedures as of September 30, 2011. It is managements responsibility to monitor the Countys financial condition, and our financial condition assessment was based in part on representations made by management and the review of financial information provided by same. This letter is intended solely for the information and use of management, the Board of County Commissioners of Lee County, Florida, the Florida Auditor General and applicable federal and state agencies, and is not intended to be and should not be utilize by anyone other than these specified parties.Orlando, Florida March 8, 2012LEE COUNTY, FLORIDA Appendix A Management Letter Comments For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2011 Observation 2011-A Statement of learn The Clerks Finance and Records Department periodically reviews crook in elevate with the County depa rtments to determine which projects should be capitalized and depreciated. However, we noted during our audit that the governmental activities construction in make headway balance at September 30, 2011 included certain projects that had been completed or decrepit before year-end. Criteria wind in develop projects should be reclassified to depreciable assets once good completed and available for service. If the County determines a project is no longer viable, the construction in progress should be expensed. Effect of condition Construction in progress for governmental activities in the amount of $8,061,000 was not reclassified as depreciable assets at September 30, 2011, and cerebrate depreciation expense and accumulated depreciation were not recorded.In addition, the County expensed $1,242,000 of construction in progress for a project that was abandoned. Cause of condition The process in place for notification of when construction in progress is substantially complete and avai lable for service or when projects are no longer viable, was not enough to identify such projects for proper recording. Recommendation We recommend that County departments be more diligent in reviewing the locating of construction in progress and notify the Clerks Finance and Records Department when projects are substantially complete and available for service or when they determine a project should be abandoned. Managements response We have asked our external auditors to provide instruction to the Boards fiscal personnel on this matter, including the importance of capitalizing or writing off construction in progress in a well- aged manner.Observation 2011-BStatement of Condition The cost of pursuance related to borrowings on construction in progress had not been sufficiently capitalized prior to audit review. Criteria Accounting principles state that interest shall be capitalized for assets in go-ahead funds that are constructed for the enterprises own use if the effect of expe nsing such interest is material. Effect of condition Capitalized interest cost related to construction in progress was recalculated and recorded in the amount of approximately $1 million.Cause of condition The calculation of capitalized interest had not included all construction in progress on which interest was to be capitalized. Recommendation We recommend that the Clerks Finance and Records Department review construction in progress annually and determine the amount of interest that should be capitalized. Managements response The issue was related to accruing interest for construction in progress based on the do amount of construction in progress rather than the amount that was capitalized in the current year. This has been corrected.LEE COUNTY, FLORIDA Appendix A Management Letter Comments For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2011 Observation 2011-C Statement of Condition During our testing of cash management compliance for the Emergency Operations Center State grant, it wa s noted that $138,000 of expenditures, let out of $849,000 in total, were not requested for reimbursement in the annual reimbursement request. Criteria Reimbursements requests should include all expenditures for which the County has disbursed payment to vendors for the specific time period.Effect of Condition Reimbursement for certain invoices was not requested and the County did not receive all of the monies to which it was entitled in a timely manner, which could result in cash flow issues for the program. Cause of Condition The County did not oblige the reimbursement request to the accounting system records. Recommendation We recommend that management establish a process to reconcile to the accounting records when preparing reimbursement requests. Managements Response Future requests for reimbursement will be made in the same year that they were expended.Observation 2011-DStatement of Condition The Countys practice has been to write off uncollectable EMS receivables as bad deb t expenditures. Criteria Discounts and allowances in revenue-related governmental fund accounts should be recorded as revenue reductions, rather than as bad debt expenditures. Effect of Condition EMS revenues and bad debt expenditures were overstated by $6,106,000. This also created a financial statement budget air division because bad debt expenditures have been recorded but not budgeted. Cause of Condition The long-standing County practice has been to record all uncollectable receivables as bad debt expenditures. Recommendation We recommend that management modify accounting practices to reduce revenue for uncollectable revenue-related governmental fund accounts receivable. Managements Response We will look at this issue in the future fiscal year and handle it appropriately.

Gender Socialization Essay Example for Free

Gender socialising EssayE really child is born to a particular society which has its set of values, norms and belief system. The depression stage of socialization of the child is the family to which he/she is born. As the child grows, he/she is introduced to the way life is lived and the position he or she is to play in the family and the society. When a child is born, the first question that anybody asks is is it a son or a girl? . This is the beginning of gender socialization.From that point, the clothes the child wears, the kind of treatment that is wedded to the child and the subjects that are expected of the child becomes distinguished. UNICEF defined gender socialization as a serve well of learning cultural roles according to ones sex, and provides examples of ways in which these are incorporated through parental and social expectations from boys and girls ( VAWnet, 2004). Taking a queue from my life experience and from my knowledge of socialization, I will say that the traits I operate myself exhibiting are rubbed off on me as a result of my family socialization.At a very tender age, I grew to recognize my role in the family and how to relate with the elderly. My father taught me how to be a human race and how to live the life of integrity and boldness, which he considered a necessity of any man. Furthermore, I grew up with an thought that some jobs were for ladies while some were for men. I was taught that men are strong and do not undermine in to their emotions. I was taught how to be a fearless, courageous and decent young man and how it is my responsibility to heart out for my family.Although I do not stay with my father and mother again, I still see some attributes of my father in me and sometimes when I do something, I smile and attribute that thing to what I learnt when I was growing up. Summarily, I believe no matter how hard we try not to draw a line between both sexes, the fact is we all have our roles in the society. reservoi r http//new. vawnet. org/category/index_pages. php? category_id=813 Gender Socialization (2004). Retrieved on November 21, 2008.

Unified of the American Constitution Essay Example for Free

Unified of the American geological formation EssayWhat was the original object of the U.S. Constitution? Why did Alexander Hamilton want to create a to a greater extent powerful substitutionization of federal brass? What is the difference between Democratic-Republican and Federalist? Analyzing and resolving constitutional issues was an ongoing butt against during the eighteenth century. According to Jack Rakove from a historical perspective this book, guidelines, approval around the constitution, form semipolitical worries about reviewing in 1780, the Constitution and the clarification of the scope that the debate on the role of the original intent of the constitutional debate should be interpreted to play. 1 Also Rakove bring forwards the federal constitution must be developed to address the representatives of the executive power and the rights and constitutional concepts in a way reflecting the highest law. The federal convention or intense political debate followed. Similar to Rakove, some quite a little believed the Constitution could give population cle arr rules to tell them what they were supposed to do or non.In addition, the Constitution could likewise prohibit the organization from what they should not do. The government needs to guarantee freedom for people, and what rights belong to people couldnt be violated. The Constitution also remains above the government while maintaining above the people, its like a barrier to prevent the government from expanding. The Constitution could guarantee justice and equity for what the government sometimes did, like being secretive, and corrupt, which violates and ignores the Constitution by following the money of corporations, lobbyists, and bankers that are destroying our country, freedoms, economy, and our way of life. It provides a set of hard-fast rules for the creation and perpetuation of a Legislature, an Executive, and a Judiciary Branch. According to capital of Wisconsin, he was the pers on strongly argued for the central of the government that would unify the country and he was the most important person to write and creation of the Constitution. People c solely him Father of the Constitution. He theory a representative government suppose governed by those smaller states.Thepower should be limited by the Federal Government because those specific areas know what they wanted and had representatives their interests. So the best way to vote was elect representatives was social system, citizens because they lived in same of the territory, it would be easier for them to agree to work in concert to realize their ideas. The government should nurture different rights because through their representative institutions pronunciation sounds more in line with the interests of human society and the decision of the people were subject to their own interests, such as the freedom of speech, religion and the press.Alexander Hamilton believed the new U.S. tribunal should be divided into one-third divisions Congress executive, legislative and judicial powers. 2 The government divided into three sections would provide checks and balances to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful, and that by working together in three different branches can concentrate power in the state. He also believed that parcel the life of good character, or, more precisely, would give stability to the administrative offices on the other hand, that short-term go only encourage politicians to focus on re-election, rather than the rule in this country. Hamilton also thought people should make up bicameral one is upper chamber, called the Senate, including the elite aristocracy of the country, and one is lower chamber, called the General Assembly. Would be the seat of democracy for the American people, Senator Election lifes by the House of Lords and the pick out representatives of the elected term of three years.According to George capital letter, from all classes of Citizen s, The reflection on the days of difficulty and danger which are past is rendered the more sweet, from a consciousness that they are succeeded by days of uncommon prosperity and security. superstar says George Washington was a very passionate, very proud man. In this sense, he was seen as a serenity man. His pride came from a sense of honor. This was reflected in he would do everything, and He showed humility, when he was appointed commanding officer of the Continental Army s commander in chief, he said he did not think he had the ability to task, but it needed to start with all his strength. He also had a center of attention of gratitude and sincere attitude. He respected the views of theCongress he would make every effort to live up to their expectations. His believed in public service his entire life, if you sport or tooted his horn to get the job, then you are not eligible to sow themselves. In conclusion, the differences between James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and George Washington were James Madison believed in a limited federal government, and Alexander Hamilton believed in a strong, extensive federal government.George Washington was friends with Alexander Hamilton, and George Washington was also a Federalist, so he believed in a strong central government because George Washington believed that if our nation would survive then we would need a strong government and the government needed rules to go by or they would basically rule over Americans. But they all have their different ways to seeing and saying the same ideas about the constitution in the eighteenth century. On the other hand, the similarity between James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and George Washington were having similar ideas about the constitution in eighteenth century. They all want to make the unification of the constitution of U.S. because it can protect all of our rights of its citizens. peerless could argue about the Federalists was more important than the Republicans because the Federalists make the country more organized and clearer rule for all the people in the U.S.This is the agreement for the most important power of the constitution because the process of drafting and check of the Constitution led to the victory of the Enlightenment philosophy the full definition and addressing social and political issues of justice and ability of the human rational nature of man and society personalities and beliefs. Indeed, the Constitution itself is perhaps best understood as an Enlightenment document, also because it reflects the target, order, freedom and justice and the general welfare of its preamble and its explicit and unexpressed promises, the concept of limited government, civil liberties , Church and State, military strength limitations, as well as the breakup of an open society.

Gender Differences Essay Example for Free

Gender Differences bear witnessIn the excerpt from the book, Men Are from Mars, Wo workforce Are from Venus, author John rusty discusses the stark differences amongst workforce and women. He states that the personality traits between men and women argon so dissimilar, that each sex expertness as well ache originated from the planets, Mars and Venus, respectively. He explains that men value power and achievement, and they choose trustworthy occupations and offer others solutions to their problems based on these values. Comparatively, women believe intercourse and relationships ar more of the essence(p), and they desire empathy when they interact with others. He details that these different character traits often cause confusion and communication barriers between men and women. Grays excerpt explains his unique definition of male and female personalities however, it is a broad assumption to express that all men and women behave in a certain way solely based on their gen der. The stereotypes that Gray specifically utilizes in his excerpt oversimplify the complex interactions between men and women instead of video display their differing unrestrained answers based on particular situations. The two emotional responses that Gray does not compare are strive and raise.The male and female defendions to these emotions offer the best example of the differences between the sexes. More often than not, men and women respond to tension in different ways. Women run for to externalize their feelings when they deal with disagreeable situations. They often pull in their signifi put forwardt other, friends, and family as an outlet for the stress in their life. Typically, once a woman has effectively deliberated and discussed her feelings and issues regarding stress, she often feels better round the stressful situation.In her book, You Just Dont Understand, expert Deborah Tannen in corresponding manner explains that women use complaining as a way to fe el close to others. She calls this way of conversing troubles parley. She says, For women, talking about troubles is the essence of connection. I tell you my troubles, you tell me your troubles, and were close. (61). A perfect example of this can be seen with my interactions with my close friend, Lindsey. She give frequently need to call me and vent about her relationship woes. She uses our conversations to help talk through her stressful situations and leave alone ultimately feel better following our calls.I will tend to use conversations with my mother or sister to vent about my stress, as well. Conversely, men often attribute their emotional responses to stress. Men tend to reserve their emotions internally and use various non-stressful activities as distractions to occupy themselves, such(prenominal) as watching sports or playing video games. A prime example of the male response to stress can be seen when my boyfriend is stressed from work. When he comes home after a stres sful day, he will play video games for hours to help relieve his stress. After playing these games, he will feel much better.When I recognize that he is stressed, I usually ask him if he would like to discuss his situations he usually responds by saying that he is fine and he just ask some time alone. I have also noticed a similar response to stress in other men such as my coworkers, fellow students, and my brothers and father. This unique male response to stress demonstrates the difference from the female stress response. Another emotional situation in which men and women have a tendency to respond differently is anger. Although each person reacts to anger in their own way, men and women will generally react to anger in a different manner.Women, including myself, will often react to anger by isolating themselves from the sign anger trigger and think through their emotional response previous to any actions. Simply put, think first, and act later. For example, my mothers response t o anger follows the aforementioned format. Her initial response involves removing herself from the anger stimulus where she can better collect herself. After assessing the situation which generated my mothers anger response, she will respond in a more conservative and appropriate manner. Conversely, men have a propensity to react to anger in a much different way.When in an emotional situation that causes anger, men are more inclined to violence and can be quick to react by demonstrating their anger in a more physical manner. They often act this way because they are trying to rear they are manly or powerful. Gray explains that, men are always doing things to prove themselves and to develop their power and skills (695). A great example of this common male response can be seen with my brother, Sam. When angered, Sam tends to react like most males when experiencing anger. His initial reaction to anger typically is demonstrated by a violent motion by hitting an object.This is usually fo llowed by a more thoughtful and collected response after the initial outburst. These reactions to anger demonstrate the differing emotional responses between men and women which can be seen throughout society on a frequent basis. Despite the differing reactions to stress and anger mentioned above, men and women can also respond in a similar manner. Since no two individuals are the same, it is important to understand that the aforementioned examples are not the only reactions that men and women can portray. Stress and anger are natural human emotions that are experienced almost daily.It is also important to understand that human emotions and communication are much more complex than the examples that Gray provides. This complexity is due to unique personalities and differing interactive situations. No two responses even with the same individual will ever be the same. However, rationality the different ways men and women may communicate and react to certain emotions will provide a be tter understanding of the opposite sex. This understanding will help bridge the communication gap between men and women and remediate our knowledge of the complexities of human emotion.

Capitalism V. Communism Essay Example for Free

capitalist economy V. Communism EssayAs the feudal system in Europe began crumbling with the dawn of the Industrial rotation a void was created in the European social and stinting structure, Scottish philosopher Adam Smith alikek it upon himself to take up this void and in 1776 published The Wealth of Nations just as Newtons Principia Mathematica laid the foundation for modern natural philosophy so to did Adams work lay the foundation for modern economics. For the next 70 years Adams doctrine went unquestioned until Karl Marx presented his rebuttal in the Communist Manifesto. capitalist economy as envisioned by Smith called for complete occult control of the economy, and a small government that practiced a hands off policy. Such a system, Smith believed, would allow for the greatest amount of riches, and as a byproduct would benefit the majority of the citizens. Capitalism quickly became the economic standard in the British Empire and post-revolutionary France and the State s, as rise as in Germany and the Scandinavian countries as they industrialized. This switch in economic philosophy would result in an unprecedented mooring in horse opera society from chiefly agrarian to mostly urban, from feudal lords to corporate tycoons, and from frugality to consumerism. low capitalism populate for the first time in history could, on a large- scale of measurement, improve their economic and societal status through problematical work and perseverance. down the stairs this system someone like Andrew Carnegie the watchword of a weaver could through intelligence and de margeination found a corporate empire. Capitalism was and is by no means holy, as is evident by the vast separation of wealth it creates, in America today for example according to the University of California at Santa Cruz, the top twenty percent of Americans control 85 percent of the countrys wealth. This obvious economic in comparison is the greatest shortcoming of capitalism, and the primar y reason for the creation of communism.Under communism the government controls every aspect of the economy and society. Communism calls for a classless society in which there is no private property and citizens work for the good of the state rather than their personal well being. The few examples of pure communist countries North Korea, Cuba, China under Zedong, and the USSR under Stalin that have been created were or put away are dysfunctional states. They are characterizedby violent oppression, famines and the rise of dictators. On a smaller scale though communism has proved quite successful, a hundred and fifty years before Marx coined the term early religious sects in America, namely the Puritans and later on the Mormons, had perfected small scale communism. These settlers worked not for themselves but for the connection, and proved that such a society could govern effectively.Communism at its core calls for the people to sacrifice individuality and work for the benefit of t he state rather than for their personal well being. Capitalism on the other hand is focused on working for individual growth, and personal ownership to provide wealth for ones self. Communism places the economy in governments hands, while capitalism removes the government from the economy entirely. Communism sets direct demands on the work you do and what you need to produce, so others can benefit as well as you from your hard work. Communism asks the government to decide what is needed for each individual to live and be equal. The government tells the community what demands need to be meets to produce and distribute enough materials equally.Capitalism depends on supply and demand kinda of quotas, in order to make sure there is not too much or too little of certain products. If there is not enough of a product wanted then the set will rise, which will in turn cause production to increase. Once there is more than enough of that product on the market, the demand will begin to drop, resulting in the price and production to drop and so on. Capitalism creates a system where peoples first concern is themselves, rather than the others, making things a personal investing instead of community investment. Communism is built on the idea that humans are inherently just, and as such will work not just for themselves, but for their countrymen as well. Capitalism is built on the idea that humans are inherently greedy and self-promoting, which will in turn lead to a great importance being placed on attaining wealth.Capitalism calls for freedom at the expense of equality while communism calls for equality and neglects liberty. Communism with its drive towards collectivization, and a classless society, clashes with the very principle that western democracies are based on individuality. Neither capitalism nor communism is ever going to be perfect for a nation, but a system thatrewards hard work and self-determination will always transcend a system that calls for dependence and mediocrity.Communism Marxism The Communist Manifesto. All About Philosophy. 9 Oct. 2008 .Capitalism. The European learning Glossary. 10 Oct. 2008 .

Tennagers are ready for adulthood and the responbility Essay Example for Free

Tennagers are immediate for adulthood and the responbility undertakeTennagers are ready for adulthood and the responbility it bring them. In this essay i will talk near why they are ready for the resbonbility also I will give you proof of their responbility.Working proves thie responblility because they stimulate to concentrate on the job at hand to take off paid and they always have to be on time. Since they working for their birth pocket they dont train to ask their parents for money and this to happen they have to be responbile and to my account they are. They are at the legal age of getting their licenses so they can can get a car or a motorbike as a transport so they dont need to depend on their parents to take them anywhere. Having vechiles means they have to clean it and maintain it so it looks good for me display this means they are not wasting and planning ahead.People around them, Family and friends respect them for what choices they make in the future or made i n the past. So this shows that people can trust them to make the decline choices for their sake and other(a)s. This gives me an insight on how they are maturing and becoming a role model to others.They learn from their own and others mistakes so they dont repeat them ever again in their life. Which shows they are open minded and are ready to learn new things.They do some voluntary work at old age plaza and orphanages to help out with the people and befriend them. In my account this shows that they can take care of other and themselves and others at the same time.Some adolescents do act like childrens at some point and do some stupid things that are reckless which leads to crimnal records or end up in the hospital Eg.drunk and driving. So for those teens I have to disagree because they are not ready to take on the responbility that comes with adulthood.In this probe I have summarised on why teenagers are ready for adulthood which are on how they work, bring on respect from other s, Can get their licenses , Doing voluntary work, They learn from mistakes and Why they are not ready for adulthood. I think I have left you with something to think about soTelling a teenager the facts of life is like giving a fish a bath. Arnold H. Glasow

Developing Anti-Mycobacterial Therapeutics

Developing Anti-Mycobacterial TherapeuticsUsing a specific pattern discuss a possible target for the development of anti-mycobacterial therapeutics.Introduction It is estimated 1.8 billion people worldwide atomic number 18 infected by atomic number 65 (TB)- an infectious disease caused by the etiologic agent Mycobacterium terbium (Mtb) (Fullam et al., 2012). This bacterium is responsible for 2 million deaths each year and remains a continuing bane (Ouellet, Johnston and Montellano, 2011). 70-90% of individuals infected carry latent TB and never develop the disease, on the other hand, 10-30% of individuals infected sack develop active TB. Over the years, the threat of TB has increased alarmingly due to the rise of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). The rise of MDR-TB and XDR-TB threatens to overwhelm all currently available drugs (Yam et al., 2009). Hence, the need to develop in the raw anti-mycobacterial therapeutics . Currently, there perk up been numerous potential targets identified for the development of novel inhibitors. This review focuses on Mtb deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase as hotshot such possible target (Mdluli and Spigelman, 2006).Structure and Function of desoxyribonucleic acid GyraseDNA gyrase is an inbred tetrameric enzyme involved in DNA synthesis and is understood to be the only type II topoisomerase shew in Mtb. The structure of DNA gyrase consists of two subunits called GyrA and GyrB which initially arrive at homodimers, called A2 and B2, and then form a larger heterodimer, called A2B2. The two subunits carry out different track downs with the GyrA subunit carrying out cleavage of positive supercoiled DNA, while the GyrB subunit promotes adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis. The GyrA and GyrB subunits ar products of the gyrA gene and gyrB gene. The gyrB gene is 34 base-pairs upstream to the gyrA gene and both genes are placed close to the origin of replication (Unniraman , Chatterji and Nagaraja, 2002).Mtb reproduce by binary fission. During DNA replication, DNA helicase binds to the DNA retell helix and bulges to unwind the parental strands by utilising ATP to break the hydrogen bonds between the base-pairs. Single-stranded covert proteins help to stabilise the unwound DNA strands and prevent them from re-pairing. The point at which the two strands of DNA separate are cognise as replication fork. DNA polymerase then moves along each strand of DNA behind(predicate) each replication fork synthesising new DNA nucleotides. As the replication fork expands, positive supercoils begin to accumulate ahead of the replication fork. For DNA replication to continue, the positive supercoils need to be removed. Supercoiling causes the DNA to form a more compact structure. DNA gyrase hive aways blackball supercoils to Mtb DNA. DNA gyrase binds to a circular, supercoiled DNA molecule and this alleviates one positive supercoils. Gyrase first introduces a doub le-stranded break in the DNA, then a segment of DNA passes with the break to the opposite side of the gyrase protein. This movement of the DNA requires ATP hydrolysis by gyrase, and introduces a negative supercoil into the DNA molecule. Subsequently, the break in the strands is repaired and gyrase is released from the DNA. Thus, a DNA molecule with one positive supercoil now has one negative supercoil.The GyrA subunit consists of two domains called the GyrA N-terminal domain (GyrA-NTD) and GyrA C-terminal domain (GyrA-CTD). The GyrA-NTD whereas, the GyrA-CTD stabilises the binding of DNA gyrase to DNA. The residue Tyr-122 of GyrA is the site of covalent accompaniment to DNA. Similarly, the GyrB subunit consists of two domains called the GyrB N-terminal domain (GyrB-NTD) and GyrB C-terminal domain (GyrB-CTD). The GyrB-NTD contains the ATP binding sites.DNA gyrase is absent in eucaryotic organisms even though a less homologous enzyme does exist.FluoroquinolonesFluoroquinolones (FQs ) bind to the enzyme-DNA complex.By targeting GyrA, the duration of treatment discount be shortened making it a validated target.C-terminal Domain of GyrA The ability of Mtb DNA gyrase to bind and insert negative supercoils into DNA is mediated by the C-terminal domain of the GyrA subunit (GyrA-CTD). Several highly-conserved residues in GyrA-CTD were selected as potentially participating in DNA binding and bending. The use of site-directed mutagenesis resulted in the identification of four key residues which were R691A, Y577A, R745A and D669A. rally of these four residues resulted in a total loss of DNA binding action mechanism by GyrA. This in turn caused a loss in supercoiling body process and relaxation. The ability of Mtb DNA gyrase to carry out its function only occurs when the GyrA subunit is combined with the GyrB subunit. Mutagenesis of R691A, Y577A, R745A and D669A not only results in loss of DNA binding activity of GyrA in the absence of GyrB, but also results in a lo ss of DNA binding activity in the presence of GyrB. This again led to a loss in loss in supercoiling activity and relaxation. The findings of GyrA-CTD to be essential for Mtb survival strongly promotes the idea of a new potential drug target.GyrB subunit of Mtb DNA Gyrase The emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant tuberculosis has meant there is a need to develop new classes of drugs targeting Mtb DNA gyrase. A lot of emphasis is often focused on targeting the GyrA subunit and this had led to research in growing novel inhibitors targeting the GyrB subunit (Medapi et al., 2015). The GyrB subunit is an attractive target for the development of anti-mycobacterial therapeutics for several reasons. Firstly, the GyrB subunit is present in a single copy. Secondly, it is an essential gene for the survival of Mtb. Thirdly, there are no alternatives to GyrB present in Mtb which could carry out the same function if it is inhibited because it contains the ATP binding pocket. Fourthly, the vari ous strains of Mtb have a 99.9% homology for GyrB. Fifthly, GyrB exerts the same phenotypic effects on Mtb viability as FQs. Finally, the development of inhibitors targeting GyrB can be effective in shortening the duration of TB treatment and delaying the emergence of drug resistance (Chopra et al., 2012).The residues involved in ATP binding are found in the GyrB-NTD and are between residues 1-220. Moreover, two further residues, Gln335 and Lys337, found in the GyrB-CTD are also involved in ATP binding. To the date, there are hundreds of potential novel inhibitors which have been identified to inhibit the activity of GyrB. Inhibitors could be design to target the ATP-binding site or the non-ATP-binding site, however, little is known about structure of the non-ATP binding site. Novobiocin is the only approved antibiotic which has shown to inhibit the activity of GyrB. However, novobiocin has been withdrawn from the trade because it is extremely toxic and has low permeability. Anothe r drug class of drugs, aminobenzimidazole, are another strong nominee for inhibiting GyrB due to their excellent efficacy against MDR-TB strains (Chaudhari et al., 2016).

Chinese Medicine

Chinese MedicineIntroductionFor all over 2000 years, traditional Chinese medicine was the only medical examination therapy consisting of various forms ofherbal medicine,acupuncture,massage,exercise, and dietary therapy for treatment illnesses. With the arrival of the missionaries from the westernmost, a sore form of medical therapy which based on treatment using chemicals and surgery was introduced to mainland china in the nineteenth century. This non only provided an alternative medical treatment for Chinese, it in like manner brought in scientific, social and political upheavals to China in the 19th and 20th century. aesculapian Services in 19th Century ChinaThe start occidental medical service was introduced to Macau, a Portugueses colony at the time, by increase Robert Morrison1 (1782-1834) in 1820. Interestingly, one of his objectives of his effort was to find out whether Chinese traditional herbal medicine would cater no additional healing for the Westerners. In 18 28, a Christian surgeon, Dr Thomas Colledge2 (1796 1879) opened a infirmary in Guangzhou with his belief of Christians had a duty to treat the sick people of China. By 1835, Dr Colledge cooperated with Dr Peter Parker (1804 1888), a Protestant medical missionary and contrasted Christian residents in Guangzhou formed the Medical Missionary inn of China. The peeled infirmary appealed to the locals despite their suspicious altitude towards foreigners intention. By 1840, the hospital had provided over 9,000 treatments to the local patients. By 1892, over 60 hospitals and 40 dispensaries were established by the missionaries. There were over 120 male and feminine western medical personnel plus a corps of trained native assistants to provide serve for these facilities. The hospital annual report of 1895 stated that over half a million patients were treated and over 70,000 operations were performed.Before the Opium War, the hospital provided access of the missionary opportunity to c ontact locals who otherwise were not permitted to advocate in public and atomic number 18 take a hoped to reside at the Thirteen Hong at Guangzhou. Some patients considered allowing foreign doctors to treatment gave a favour them, some did not accept the religion of their doctors, however, many patients converted to Christianity.The trigger of western medicine also raised the Chinese women social status. It was Chinese social custom to restrict men and women contact at the time. Hence, egg-producing(prenominal) patients were reluctant to be treated by male doctors. The missionaries thusly had to bring in female doctors from the west to provide treatment to female patients. Dr Mary H. Fulton (1854 1927), a female missionary doctor was sent by the Foreign Missions Board of the Presbyterian Church to found the first medical college foe woman, Hackett Medical College for Women in Guangzhou in 1902. By 1915, the college had 60 students all became Christians at the influence of Dr Fulton. The college achieved its use up to break Christianity and western medicine, as well as women social status in the Chinese society.Medical Services in Hong KongIn Hong Kong, a British colony at the time, Tung Wah Hospital3 was established in 1870 which was the first hospital in China providing Chinese medicine services in western hospital mode. By 1887, the first teaching institution, the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (the predecessor of the Faculty of medicine of theUniversity of Hong Kong)was established by the London Missionary Society. The new institution not only introduced breakthrough in the research and phylogenesis of western medicine in China, it also brought the first graduate, Dr SUN Yat-sen4 (1866 1925), a Christian himself who led the Chinese Revolution and toppled the Qing Dynasty, to establish the Republic of China in 1911, profoundly changes the explanation of China.The Opium WarThe introduction of western medicine in China also changed the h istory of China. Opium5 which was found to be a good improve for nervous disorders and its sedative and tranquilizing properties was also introduced into China by western surgeons. However, opium was also employ by the British Government to balance their trade deficit with China. They grew opium in British India and sold it to China for transmute of silver. When the Emperor Daoguang of Qing Dynasty banned the smoking and trading of opium in 1838, the British began the First Opium War with the beginning of appropriation of Hong Kong, opened up of ports and a series of unfair treaties with the subsequent turmoil in China for over 100 years. Recognising the additive and social destructive nature of the opium smoking, the missionaries raised against the trading of opium both in their position countries and in China6. They also set up clinic to provide medical service to opium smokers to kick off their addiction, thusly providing more opportunity for them to preach Christianity.Conc lusionWestern medicine went hands in hand with missionaries from the west to preach and convert local into Christians. By doing so, it also changed the history of China, opened up the horizons of Chinese people, move imperial China into a republic and profoundly affect the world, with its effect still felt today.ReferencesStarr J Barton The Legacy of Robert Morrison, International Bulletin of Missionary Research, April 1998Fu L, The protestant medical missions to China Dr Thomas Richardson Colledge (1796-1879) and the founding of the Macao ophthalmic Hospital, Journal of Medical Biography3Tung Wah Hospital website http//www.tungwah.org.hk/?content=3144Britannica http//global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573697/Sun-Yat-sen5Allingham V. Philip, England and China The Opium Wars, 1839-60, Victorian Web, Lakehead University6Kathleen L. Lodwick, Crusaders against Opium Protestant Missionaries in China, 1874-1917,Lexington University Press of Kentucky, 1996SECTION B Question1Introductio nThere were several outbreaks of fire in the history which include the 1984 detestation outbreak in Hong Kong and the pulmonary blight outbreak in Manchuria in 1910 1911. The 1984 hatred was also known as the black death due to the black coloring of whole personate before or after death, which is later being identified as the bubonic chevy. The pneumonic evil is unique in which it was exclusively pneumonic (infection of the lungs). Patients who are infected with the pneumonic plague will array with coughing, often with hemoptysis (coughing up blood), headache, weakness etc. Although both diseases ca apply outbreak, different control and measures were done by the local government at that head.Control and measures in Hong Kong in 1894The plague outbreak in Hong Kong was primarily associated with the poor sanitation and dense population of Hong Kong at that period. In order to cope with the outbreak of plague the British government did several measures in order to prevent the bed covering of the disease and to prevent new cases from emerging. This included forced disinfection of affected houses, rapid governing body of corpses, building of the Blake Garden to reduce population immersion and house to house searches for infected people. The infected will then be isolated on the hospital ship Hygeia. But due to the non-reluctant response of the Chinese population, patients were later transferred to Kennedy Town glassworks which was converted for use as a temporary hospital. The government later built a Bacteriology institute with the recruitment of a bacteriologist, Dr. William hunter to Hong Kong for the investigation of the cause of outbreak.Control and measures in Manchuria in 1910 1911During the pneumonic plague outbreak, the cause of the disease could not be identified. So it was agreed that no cure for the pneumonic plague was available by that time1 the mortality rate was proved to be one hundred percent. Without antibiotic at that period, the only way to prevent the ranch of the disease was quarantine and isolation. The Chinese were isolated into train cable cars for several days. They were not let out until no one displaying any sign or symptoms of pneumonic plague. If one plague case was identified, others in the car would be considered to have a poor prognosis. Because the location of outbreak was close to Japan and Russia, at that place was coaction between countries for the control of disease2. In need of medical help from Russia and Japan, the Chinese government at that period sought help by calling for an international plague conference. While the etiology of the pneumonic plague was still being investigated, isolation was used as an effective method to prevent the spread of the disease. postmortem was also done to investigate the cause of the disease3. In later stage, new bacteriological techniques such as culturing helped identifying the cause of the epidemic.Similarities and differencesThere are several s imilarities between the battle against pneumonic plague and the measures to control the plague in Hong Kong in 1894. Firstly, in both cases public health was introduced to the affected areas. In western medicine public health focuses on the surveillance and the prevention of disease. Isolation was used in both cases in order to prevent the spread and the deterioration of the disease. Different measures such as sanitation and rapid disposal of corpses in the 1894 plague in Hong Kong all refers to public health measures for the disease. This is important because by that time there was no way of treating both diseases, so public health became the only way to prevent the spread of the diseases and to control the epidemic. The treatment for plague(antibiotics) was not discovered in 1940s, about 30 years after the pneumonic plague.In addition, modern western medicine played a grand role in deal with the outbreaks in both cases. In both cases a lot of modern western advanced sciences wer e used to investigate the diseases. For example, bacteriology culture and autopsy were used to investigate the cause of pneumonic plague whereas dissection of rats and bacteriology study were used in the 1894 plague. In comparison traditional Chinese medicine did not play a large role in either the prevention of the disease or the treatment of the disease.Moreover, investigations of the diseases were both done at the same time with the measures and controls of the outbreaks. In other words, controls and measures like isolation were done before the identification of the cause of the disease in order to prevent the spread of the disease.One major difference of the control and measures between the two cases is the matter of other countries in pneumonic plague. The coping of the pneumonic plague involved collaborations on the international take whereas the 1984 plague only involved isolated research without collaborations. This can be explained by the location of outbreak. As the out break of pneumonic plague may endanger the resident population in Russia and Japan, the two countries took get going in the plague control. Whereas the 1894 plague happened in Hong Kong which will not affect other countries based on its location.ConclusionIn conclusion the measures and control of the pneumonic plague and the 1894 plague outbreak in Hong Kong are similar in many ways. Both cases are very important as they show us the introduction of science and theory of western medicine such as public health into China at that period when the population knew little about western medicine. The idea of public health also helped saving a lot of peoples life at that period by preventing the spread of the disease.ReferencesRichard Pearson Strong and the .urnal eshat period by preventing the spread of the disease. of western medicine into China Hong Kong are similar in many wayManchurian Epidemic of Pneumonic Plague 1910 1911, Eli CherninOxford Journal, Mark Gamsa, The epidemic of pneum onic plague in Manchuria 1910-19113 Contagions The Great Pneumonic Plague of1910-1911 https//contagions.wordpress.com/2013/03/21/the-great-pneumonic-plague-of-1910-1911/