Chenjie Chai. Ms. Milliner. Cuny Ela Period 2. 1/19/2016.

Chenjie Chai Ms. Milliner CUNY ELA period 2 1/19/2016 Essay Shakespeare s famous play of love turned bad by unfounded jealousy. His Othello also tells a sad story. The story begins in Venice with Iago, a soldier under Othello s command arguing with a wealthy Venetian, Roderigo. Roderigo has paid Iago a considerable sum of money to spy on Othello for him, since he wishes to take Othello s girlfriend, Desdemona as his own. The story to this as the main line, there have been many tragic things. In the story, there are several characters is impressive, their demeanor and psychological activities, I have some impression from those character, those characters all had†¦show more content†¦These include Moorish, Thick Lips, Old Black Ram and Barbary. Although Othello appeared at the beginning of Act Two, we did not hear his name. The second act, Othello will be the last of the three ships arrived in Cyprus; Othello will separate, and Cassio and Igoros should be in t he fourth act, they discuss Desdemody; and Othello will assume the card Theo died, and did not exist when the battle took place in the fifth act. Othello s status as an outsider could be the reason he is so easy to prey for Igoros. While Othello is an outsider in the culture and race of Venice, his skills as a soldier and leader are of value to the country and necessary. Othello is part of Venice s civil society. He was in great demand by the Duke and the Senate, and Cassio s comments proved that the Senate issued three missions looking for Othello. The Venetian government trusted Othello enough to make his full military and political command of Cyprus; in fact, in his dying speech, Othello reminded the Venetians that he had done the service of their country. Those who think Othello their social and civic counterparts, such as Desdemona and Brabanzio, but seem to attract him because of his exotic. Othello admits when he told the Duke his friendship with Brabantio. He said - [Desdemo na s] father loves me, does not invite me, / still questions my life / stories every year. - Outro can also use his speech to attract his colleagues. Duke for Othello s speech, how he used his adventure

Rhetorical Analysis Of AinT I A Woman - 1035 Words

[Yunus Sanni] English 1020 Campbell [6 oct 2017] Rhetorical Analysis of [â€Å"I Ain’t a woman† by Sojourner Truth] Aint I a Woman? ,the name given to a speech, delivered extemporaneously, by Sojourner Truth, (1797–1883),she gave this speech to the Women’s Convention of 1851, she speaks on the inequalities that women and blacks faced at that time in America. she uses rhetorical strategies in order to achieve a successful and powerful delivery of her message.Sojourner uses personal experiences to get an emotional response from her audience, connecting with them as both women and mothers.Sojourner Truth uses Anaphora,Logos,Ethos and Rhetorical question in order to rebut opposing arguments for gender equality.†¦show more content†¦From God and a woman!† This is a fact that no one could argue about, which makes the audience to believe that her argument is legit, and should be taken under consideration. Pathos refers to the authors persuasion through emotional appeal. In both of the texts, the use of pathos is very clear. However, in Aint I a Woman, Truth uses m ore prevalently. I believe that Sojourner Truth used more emotional appeal because of her audience. She was talking to a audience majorly composed of women. They would more likely understand and sympathize with her because they have experienced similar treatment. She refers to mothers griefand all of her hard work and the pain she has had to endure. The women in the audience are more likely to be receptive to what she is saying and be persuaded by her argument. Through Truth’s numerous rhetorical questions used in this speech, she has made a strong impact on her audience. Each question either precedes or follows a strong truth. By questioning herself, and being able to answer each question, Truth shows her understanding of society, and the mistreatment of women. She never wanted the audience to answer her questions, because the honest answers should be obvious.All of her hardships as a slave, and she is a women. When discussing intellect, she even asks, â€Å"What’s that got to do with women’s rights or negroes rights?† Her rhetorical questions were a unique way ofShow MoreRelatedInjustices of Women of Color by Sojourner Truth in Speech, Aint I Woman1325 Words   |  6 PagesSojourner Truth: Ain’t I Woman In the speech â€Å"Ain’t I a Woman†, the Sojourner Truth delivered during the Women’s Convention of 1851, she speaks on the injustices that women and colored people endured during that horrible time in America. I will make an effort to explore the ways she utilizes rhetorical methods as a means to accomplish a victorious and compelling delivery of her message. In this analysis, I will talk about the way Sojourner draws on her own individual experiences evoke an emotionalRead MoreRhetorical Analysis â€Å"and Ain’t I a Woman†1091 Words   |  5 PagesDaizelle Huggins Engl 1301 Mr. Baggaley 9/17/11 Rhetorical Analysis â€Å"And Ain’t I a Woman† In the speech â€Å"And Ain’t I a Woman† Sojourner Truth speaks on why women should have rights at the Woman’s Rights Convention in 1851. There were women, men, Methodist, Baptist, Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Universalist ministers in the church who didn’t want Sojourner Truth to speak from when she walked in the door because she was a woman. The writer Frances Gage said â€Å"Again and again, timorous and trembling

The Scoop with Ice Cream free essay sample

Many American movies feature girls crying over a bucket of ice cream with a super-sized spoon, watching netflix or a movie. People seem to eat ice cream when sad, happy, celebrating an event, or a eating a midnight snack. Ice cream has affected our world, in more ways than one might think. Discussing its cool history, the difference between ice cream and other frozen treats, and how ice cream affects our world today will help individuals understand the significance it plays in lives across the world. Let’s scoop into this thing we call ice cream. People today don’t seem to know the difference between ice cream, gelato, frozen yogurt, and sherbet. According to recipe4living by Kathryn Steed, there are a few distinct differences between these sweet treats. Ice cream is fluffy and uses around 10% milk fat, whereas gelato uses less butterfat and sugar, and is also more dense. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scoop with Ice Cream or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Frozen yogurt is exactly what it sounds like, and has a lower fat content and calories, because it uses milk instead of cream. Lastly, sherbert has a small dairy content, around 1-2% and uses fruit based flavors. The two different styles of ice cream, consist of the French style and Philadelphia. The French style according to thekitchn is made with eggs, whereas the Philadelphia or American style, is not. Traditional flavors include strawberry, chocolate, and vanilla. Vanilla is the most popular, because it acts as a base and has a flavorable outcomein the publics eye. Ice cream can have many toppings, and whether it be in a float, banana split, on a popsicle stick, for a cake, and in a sundae, ice cream can be eaten in many ways. Ice cream has been used for coping mechanisms, for which it seems, since the beginning of time, which brings up a great question. What is the history behind it?The name â€Å"Ice cream† was created after a farmer took the cream from the cow, flavore d it, and froze it, according to foodtimeline by Lynne Olver in 2004. The literal translation means iced cream. Olver goes on to say that the first time the word iced cream showed up, was in 1688 in the Oxford Dictionary, but by 1744, it was changed to ice cream. King Tang of Shang of China, started putting syrup on snow, Alexander the Great put honey in his, and Marco Polo brought his recipe around the world. Jumping forward to 200BC, China started to freeze rice and milk which soon changed ingredients and spread around the world, according to icecreamhistory. By the year 1533 Europe got a taste of the sugary dessert, and in 1744 a Scottish colonist brought the recipe over to North America.George Washington spent over $200 in a summer on just ice cream, which is equal to $3,000 today. In the 17th century, the first ice cream shop opened in France, using milk, butter, and eggs, according to â€Å"Today I Found Out† by Emily Upton on June 16th, 2013. King Henry II, of France s oon passed the recipe to King Charles of England. King Charles loved his recipe so much, that when his chef told the public about it, he was immediately beheaded. The story of the chef being beheaded might make you churn, so instead let’s talk about the machines used to make ice cream. The Industrial Revolution inspired Nancy Johnson to invent a crank ice cream maker, according to inventricity. Her design featured two cylinder containers inside each other. The outside cylinder was used to house ice and rock salt, while the inside cylinder was used to store the ice cream. On top, would be a secure lid and a handle to mix. By mixing the rock salt and ice in the outside cylinder, it forced the ice cream liquid to freeze faster. When the ice cream would freeze faster, it not only made the ice cream colder, it also made it less work for individual making it. The crank model did help make ice cream faster and efficient, but only lasted until the electrical models were invented. Tod ay, there are two main electrical models, which include the self refrigerating and the freezer assisted. First, the self refrigerating model has a built in freezer and though it is normally less expensive, it makes very little ice cream. Next, is the pre frozen container or the freezer assisted, which has an attachable part that goes in your freezer, according to the website Icecreamnation on Dec. 7th, 2011. Another kind of machine used, is for Mexican or fried ice cream. This model is not as common as the the self refrigerating and freezer assisted model. Fried ice cream includes an incredibly cold pan, which they then pour the liquid onto. Now that we’ve talked about the differences between ice cream and many other treats, and the history of ice cream, let’s jump to another spoontaneous topic. Ice cream and ice cream brands, have not only affected history, but also the world we live in today. Brands such as Ben Jerry have taken their profits and used them for local, and not so local, organizations, according to their website. Other popular brands include Blue Bunny and Dreyers, which strive to better their companies. Ice cream brands, such as Ben Jerry, Blue Bunny, and Dreyers, have re-adjusted their prices over the past decade. Meaning a normal half gallon is approximately priced at $4.73 according to statista, whereas in 1960, the average price was 79 cents according to thepeoplehistory. The price of ice cream is growing and so is the amount of ice cream Americans are eating each year. The website fooddemocracy written on June 19th, 2011 says each American eats 24 pound of ice cream each year. Census states that approximatly 324 million people live in the US, which means, Americans combined eat over around 8 billion pounds per year! There are also other countries, oth er than the united states, who eat a lot of ice cream as well. According to quora written in April of 2011, there are 80,000(eighty thousand) privately owned ice cream, gelato, and frozen yogurt shops in the United States, bringing in $18 billion, and an additional $8 billion from the ice cream sold in stores. Each individual ice cream shop has multiple employees, which shows how significant it is to our economy, the workforce, and the rest of the world. The amount spent on ice cream by Americans, doesn’t include the most expensive ice cream sold. Fox News in April of 2015 says the most expensive ice cream sold, was $25,000, meaning $817 per scoop! That ice cream, has edible gold flakes along with many more expensive toppings. In conclusion, ice cream has been around for thousands of years, and is a popular dessert today. The industrial revolution had sparked Nancy Johnson’s mind to create the crank ice cream maker, and before that George Washington would eat $3,000 of ice cream in a summer. Americans eat over 8 billion pounds of it a year, yet some still can’t tell the differences. Whether it is on a cone, popsicle stick, for a cake or in a sundae, everyone seems to enjoy this cool treat. Two popular ice cream makers are the self refrigerating and the pre frozen, and two styles of ice cream are French and Philadelphia, the French with eggs and the American with none. Ice cream has changed a lot, since first showing up in the dictionary in 1688, but one thing that will never change, is the fact that using super sized spoons while watching netflix will always be pretty sweet.

Meditation as a Form of Psychotherapy Essay Example Essay Example

Meditation as a Form of Psychotherapy   Essay Example Paper Meditation as a Form of Psychotherapy   Essay Introduction Although meditation practices have been in use for over 3000 years they have only been introduced into Western society in the last half a century (Walsh 1995). Before the 1960’s meditation was rarely practiced and was widely misunderstood, labelled as â€Å"an attempt at psychological and physical regression. . . a sort of artificial schizophrenia† (Alexander et al 1946, cited in Walsh 1995: 388) by a well known psychiatrist. Recently, however, psychologists have become aware of the psychotherapeutic aspects of meditation. These aspects have proven to be so beneficial that meditation has even been controversially labelled by some as a form of psychotherapy (Walsh 1995). HOW MEDITATION FITS INTO THE DEFINITION OF ‘PSYCHOTHERAPY’ Contraversy over the labelling of meditation as a form of psychotherapy both arises and is resolved in the ambiguous nature of psychotherapy itself. The general definition of psychotherapy could be classed as: A formal process involv ing a professional and legally trained ‘therapist’ helping a person who has distress or disfunction in the areas of emotion, cognition, or behaviour. The therapist has a logical theory about how the problem developed and treats the patient in relation to this theory. (Based on Corsini 1995). Meditation as a Form of Psychotherapy   Essay Body Paragraphs Based on this definition some argue that meditation is not a psychotherapy because no professional therapist is needed, it can be be practiced purely on an individual basis (Walsh 1995). However, the above definition, although seemingly comprehensive, does not completely fit many Western psychotherapies that are formally acknowledged (Corsini 1995). One such therapy is Freud’s ‘self-therapy’ which involves looking into ones own inner psychological processes(Corsini 1995; Walsh 1995). A similar concept was developed by the founder of academic psychology, Wilhelm Wundt, it was called ‘introspection’ and involved the study of one’s own consciousness (Matlin 1995). Both ‘self-therapy’ and ‘introspection’ do not require a therapist and can be done individually yet they are still considered as valid forms of psychotherapy. Whilst meditation can be done alone, beginners usually learn the practice through a trained and skilled meditation master or guru. This meditation master can be seen to fit into the general definition of ‘psychotherapy’ mentioned above in that he often fulfils the same roles as the ‘therapist’ of western psychotherapy by dealing with his ‘student’s’ problems based on a logical theory. Like western psychotherapies different meditations are based on different theories and have different spiritual purposes. These different spiritual purposes do not seem to have different effects upon their psychotherapeutic benefits. All meditation techniques seem to have the same therapeutic benefit to the same specified disorders. THE THERAPUTIC ASPECTS OF MEDITATION Therapeutic aspects of meditation include relaxation, stress management, and management of some psychological and psychophysical (physical symptoms are affected by psychological processes) disorders (Bernstein, Roy, Srull, and Wickens 1991; Walsh 1995). Research has shown that meditation decre ases generalised and phobic anxiety disorders, it can also decrease drug and alcohol use and be beneficial to patients in psychiatric hospitals (Walsh 1995). Uses of meditation for psychophysilogical problems can be seen in its use in rehabilitation after heart attacks, treatment of bronchial asthma and irregular heartbeat, management of chronic pain, and reduction of high blood pressure (Walsh 1995). Psychologically ‘healthy’ individuals also benefit from meditation. They score better than non meditators on tests of general psychological well-being (Walsh 1995). Research has shown that they are generally more confident and have higher self esteem, marital satisfaction, academic achievement, creativity, and cognitive development than non meditators (Walsh 1995). Meditators also report higher self-actualisation (Walsh 1995), which is the strive to reach their highest potential (Matlin 1995). MEDITATION VS RELAXATION Taking the above into consideration meditation is no le ss a form of psychotherapy than any Western therapy. It should be noted, however, that many of the positive effects that meditation has on psychological and psychophysical problems, such as high blood pressure and anxiety, can also be achieved through various relaxation techniques and sometimes through hypnosis (Berstein, Srull, Roy and Wickens 1991; Matlin 1995). Even still, these techniques usually involve aspects of meditation such as following the breath. However, relaxation techniques can be seen as a psychotherapy of their own, and, just because another form of psychotherapy can produce the same results as meditation can, this does not mean that meditation is any less valid a form of psychotherapy itself. There are almost as many psychotherapies as there are disorders (Zimbardo 1991) many of these therapies also produce the same results and have similar success rates as each other but are not considered any less valid. PARALLELS BETWEEN WESTERN AND EASTERN PSYCHOTHERAPIES Look ing at the theory and techniques behind Western psychotherapies and Eastern meditation practices it is possible to find parallels between disciplines. The theories and concepts surrounding Buddhism and Buddhist meditation, for instance, can be likened to concepts of cognitive psychology (a psychological field which believes that mental process and behaviour can be explained through cognitive process’ [Matlin 1995]). Like cognitive psychologists Buddhists see ignorance (avijja ), or false beliefs, as the source of all suffering (dukkha ) and believe the remedy for this suffering is understanding (pana ). (Johansson 1979; Guenther 1974; Bucknell and Kang 1997; Lecture 1998). Cognitive psychologists differ in their methods of correcting incorrect thought, some are more likely to instruct and lecture ‘clients’ in relation to the problem, others are more likely to encourage ‘clients’ to discover and test irrational belief on their own, many combine these approaches (Bernstein, Roy, Srull and Wickens 1991; Beck and Weishaar 1995; Matlin 1995). In Buddhist psychotherapy ‘students’ are also ‘taught’ the aspects suffering and incorrect thought as well as encouraged to look at personal experiences to gain an understanding of incorrect thought through meditation(Kiyota 1978;Walsh 1995). DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EASTERN AND WESTERN PSYCHOTHERAPIES Although there are several likeness’ between certain Western psychotherapies and Asian psychotherapies such as meditation there are also some important differences. Firstly, in Asian psychotherapies the difference between psychological and spiritual healing is ill defined. Students partake in meditation to gain spiritual enlightenment, the psychological benefits are merely steps in reaching a higher goal. Western psychologies usually separate spirituality from psychology. Psychologists deal with processes that concern the physical world, they do not attempt to ‘h eal’ clients using spiritual methods. Secondly, Asian psychotherapies are belief based. Theories about psychological problems and there causes are not based on measurable evidence. Although the effects and stages of meditation are methodologically and consistently documented in religions such as Buddhism the theories and practices and the reasons for the effects have not been empirically tested. In most Western psychotherapies, excluding Freud’s psychoanalyctic method, theories can be empirically tested. For example, a social cognitive psychologist may believe that depression is caused by negative and pessimistic thought (Matlin 1995). The psychologist would test this theory, probably using a survey which determined pessimism. Comparing the results of depressive and psychologically ‘healthy’ individuals, the psychologist would be able to discover whether his/her theory was consistent. Perhaps the most greatest difference, however, is that all but a few the rapists in Western Psychotherapies see the ‘normal’, or average, psychological health as optimum and usually only ‘treat’ people who are below this level (Walsh 1995). Asian psychotherapies, such as meditation, on the other hand, believe that our current state of consciousness is far from optimum and aim to reach higher levels. They note that ‘our minds are usually filled with a flux of unrecognisable thoughts, images, internal dialogues, and fantasies that distort and reduce awareness'(Walsh 1995: 391). An example of this is the ‘day dream’ in which we lose track of the conscious world for a brief moment and slip into fantasy (Walsh 1995). In relation to this, Asian psychotherapies see the average psychological state as a psychological disorder which involves aversion, addiction, and ignorance (Walsh 1995). They believe that full psychological health is only reached when these three phenomena are abolished (Kiyota 1978) and enlightenment is reached (Walsh 1995). CONCLUSION Meditation has been interpreted and misunderstood in Western society until the last half of this century. Psychologists and the general public are only now beginning to realise the benefits of meditation, not only for spiritual, but also for psychophysical and psychological health. Controversy over meditation’s validity as a psychotherapy arises due to a lack of understanding about what a psychotherapy is as well as the fact that relaxation causes similar therapeutic effects. Although meditation does not completely fit the general definition of ‘psychotherapy’, other psychotherapies have also been seen not to . Relaxation can be considered merely another psychotherapy achieving the same means as meditation. Therefore, meditation is a form of psychotherapy. It even has close links with many aspects of Western approaches such as cognitive psychology. Meditation has some differences such as a spiritual techniques, a spiritual bel ief base of theory, and a different definition of psychologically health. These differences, however, do not make it any less a form of psychotherapy. The positive results meditation has upon certain psychological and psychophysical disorders are proof enough that meditation is a valid, consistent and effective means of psychotherapy. We will write a custom essay sample on Meditation as a Form of Psychotherapy   Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Meditation as a Form of Psychotherapy   Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Meditation as a Form of Psychotherapy   Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer