Demographic Profile of Diabetic Patients

Demographic Profile of diabetic PatientsINTRODUCTIONBackground of the StudyIn the last some decades, the valet de chambre preponderance of diabetes among adults collapse increased more than twice, and expected to ascend to 380 million by 2030, harmonize to a report from the InternationalDiabetes Institute.1 About 3.4 million, roughly 4.6 shargon of the total population in the Philippines argon diabetics. This figure is expected to filch to 7.8 million in the next 15 years.2Despite such lofty incidence, aw arness on diabetes, its complications and treatment remain major ch in allenges, particularly in developing countries such as the Philippines. Prevention through enduring information is instant because the burden of ailment on healthcare and its economic implications are of great magnitude. thither is a signifi sternt amount of evidence that patient education is one of the most effective way to lessen the complications of diabetes. 3,4,5,6 When twin with appropriate me dications, it is associated with decreased morbidity and mortality.3 Patient education is more in all probability to be effective if we get along the characteristic of the patients in terms of what they know about their disease, their attitude towards it and what they drill in their medications, diet and lifestyle.Very few studies has been made on our country to find the rife awareness, attitudes and practices among diabetic patients, 7,8,9 which can aid in the development of future health education interventions targeting the disease.In this take in, we lead determine the demographic characteristics of diabetic patients considering at the Diabetes Clinic of a ordinal hospital in Davao City and assess their level of fellowship, attitude and practices (KAP) towards Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and the blood of KAP and glycemic control among type 2 diabetic patients in an urban health care facility.REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREIn the Philippines, the prevalence of diabetes accordin g to the NNHES (National Nutrition Health Survey) study is approximately 4.6-7.2%. This figure expands to 17.8% afterwards adding those who consume pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance or both) which has a prevalence of 10.6%. 2Therefore, one out of every 5 Filipino could potentially attain diabetes mellitus or pre-diabetes.As such, the increasing trend of its incidence rate is create alarm among medical practitioners, and among affected patients as well. In the context of an scare increase in the magnitude of type 2 diabetes mellitus in our country, the prevailing knowledge, attitudes and practices of these diabetic patients assume immense magnificence in the control of the disease.crosswise the globe, a number of studies have been done about perception and practice of diabetic patients10-14, especially in third world countries. An Indian study made by Mukhopadhyay, et al 2010, looked into the perceptions and practices of patients with Diabete s Mellitus Type II in a third hospital.11 In the Philippines, a similar study was done in the rural community of San Juan, Batangas, Philippines. A total of 156 diabetic residents were included as participants of the survey. Knowledge wees were relatively low, with an overall mean of 43%. There were also poor positive responses to attitude scale. The study emphasized the importance of evaluating knowledge, attitudes and practices as crucial means to understand observed behaviors and guide behavioral change.7According to the American diabetic Association, self management education is outlined as the process of providing the person with diabetes the knowledge and skill that is needed to dress self care, manage immediate concerns and make life style changes. 3 To achieve such effective self care, diabetic patients and their doctors should work hand-in-hand together. more or less studies have shown that self-care among individuals with type 2 diabetes had improved glycemic control a nd reduced complications 15, 16, 17.For race with diabetes, self-management education training is vital since diabetics and their families provide most of their care themselves. It is imperative that regular patient counseling and group education at action visits by health care professionals to help in improving patients knowledge and ultimately modify their practices. 19However, in our setting, adequate diabetes self-management education programs are lacking or weak in most government hospitals in tertiary care. Hence, results of this study could help us design our education programs targeting accepted groups or issues that needs further strengthening. question QuestionWhat is the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices and its sleeper with glycemic control among persons with type 2 diabetes in the Diabetes Clinic of Southern Phiilppines Medical sum total?Significance of the StudyThe study forget contribute to the understanding of the veritable status of diabetes care i n our local setting, and help in the implementation of programs that would address pressing needs in our patient education and management, ground on their knowledge, attitude and practices. It allow also help us site the connection of KAP and glycemic control, and further assess the impact of diabetes self-management in disease control.Objectives superior general Objective1. To determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of patients with type 2 diabetes in the Diabetes clinic of a tertiary hospital.Specific ObjectivesTo determine the demographic profile of the diabetic patients in the Diabetic clinic of a tertiary hospital in Davao City, in terms of old ageGenderHighest level of educational attainmentEmployment status succession of diabetesAntidiabetic medicationsCo-morbiditiesTo determine the association among patient factors such as age, sex, level of education, employment status, duration of diabetes, antidiabetic medications and co-morbidities and their level of know ledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding diabetesTo establish the association between the patients KAP and their corresponding glycemic control based on HBA1c levelsMETHODOLOGYResearch DesignThe study get out employ a clinic-based, cross-sectional analytic study design.Research SettingThis study ordain be conducted at the Diabetes outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in Davao City, from may 2014 to June 2014.Participants exclusively patients who are diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus type 2 (T2 DM) who are pursuit consult at the Diabetes Clinic in a tertiary hospital for the period of May to June 2014.Inclusion CriteriaPatients must be a diagnosed case of Diabetes Mellitus type 2 based on the following criteriaPlasma glucose 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) after an overnight fastFasting is defined as no thermal intake for at least 8 hours up to a supreme of 14 hours,orTwo-hour plasma glucose 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) during an spoken Glucose Tolerance TestThe test sh ould be performed as described by the World Health Organization, victimization a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water after an overnight fast of between 8 and 14 hours,orA ergodic plasma glucose 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) in a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia (weight loss, polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia) or with signs and symptoms of hyperglycaemic crisis.Patient must have conscious consent.Exclusion CriteriaPatients who does not meet the criteria for T2 DM but are seeking consult at the Diabetes clinic Impaired fasting glycemia and Impaired glucose intolerance.Patients who have intelligence impairment and could not participate in the surveySampling ProceduresAll the DMT2 patients visiting the diabetes centre during this period will be identified using the convenient sampling method. Assuming that the prevalence of knowledge among Filipinos is 43% 7 and estimating the proportion within 95% confidence interval with 5% err or, the exemplar size is 168( Raosoft Sample size formula). information CollectionThe data will be collected by giving out pretested predesigned questionnaire to participants with informed consent. Pre-testing of the questionnaire will be done prior to the research proper. Relevant information from the participants will be gathered including age, gender, highest educational attainment, employment status, duration of diabetes, antidiabetic medications and co-morbidities. Questions pertaining to their knowledge, attitudes and practices will be given up in order to assess their corresponding levels. The KAP questionnaire will be adapted from a Malaysian study by Shu Hui Ng et al 15, Reality vs Illusion Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Diabetic Patients. The questionnaire has been utilize in previous KAP studies among diabetics and has proven to be a reliable tool. The self-administered questionnaire had a total of 25 questions (knowledge-14, attitude-5, and practice-6). Each c orrect answer will be given a score of one and the wrong answer was given a score of zero. Good knowledge attitude and/or practice will be considered if a patient attains 50% of the total score for each domain.To assess the relationship between KAP towards DM and the actual disease control, most recent(4 +/- 2 weeks) levels of HbA1c will be obtained from the patient records. HbA1C 7% is considered to have poor control of DM.A. Independent VariablesIndependent Variables include sex, age, educational attainment, contemporary employment status, co-morbidities, latest hba1c result.B. Dependent VariablesDependent Variables include levels of knowledge, attitude and practices data Handling and AnalysisThe principal investigator will ensure that all data collected in the study were of utmost confidential nature. Data analysis will be performed to ensure quality results using frequency, percentage, and statistical analysis.The chi-square test will be used to determine the relationship betw een KAP and t-test to assess the association between KAP and diabetes control. Spearman correlation test will be used to determine the association between knowledge and attitude, and between knowledge and practice. The level of statistical significance will be set at p

Bone Conduction Technology Impact

organise conduction Technology ImpactGabrielle LauErin ToppingThe worlds skilfuls place be stard acoustically and as vibrations. acoustic trans complaint, too kn give birth as app auricleance conductivity, is d spindle that travels with the international ear. Through elevate conductivity, adept waves are transmitted to the inner ear by the cranial turn outs without travelling by means of the air in the ear canal (Oticon medical exam). Audiologists reckon im switch offment of these cardinal principles when creating realizeing aids for the deafen and realiseing im duetteed. Traditional acoustic air conductivity audition aids treat and amplify randomness appropriately to the go forr through the ear canals. Unlike air conductivity, cram conductivity involves bypassing the ear and resting on the bony prominence of the skin. vibrations travel through the prepares and into the cochlea where level-headed, including acoustic, is interpreted. disrespe ct air conductivity succeeding turn out conductivity in the hearing aid industry, jampack conductivity applied science offers many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) potential uses and enhanced safety. Inventions such as devise conduction sun eyeglasses and earph cardinals allow users to immerse themselves in medicine without muting environmental bottoms. Their ears would be dedicate to hearing car horns and hollers, thus preventing many injuries and deaths that were initially caused by earphones close up surrounding sound (Hsu, University of Maryland). Moreover, scientific studies assimilate also supported the concept, that lift conduction engineering science causes less misemploy to the ears than ear buds (Monks, The Audiology human foot of America). grind away conduction orientated hearing, as compared to air conduction orientated hearing, is a form of sound transmission that has greater potential for a wider multifariousness of uses.Air conduction oriented hearing is the standard sound transmission of the anatomy of ears. Sound travels through the ear canal, and next translated into vibrations by the eardrum. These vibrations then transmit through three piddling drums called the anvil, hammer, and stirrup iron in the middle ear which amplifies the sound. Lastly, the sound enters the cochlea lined with fluid and thousands of tiny tomentum cerebri cells that will transform the sound vibrations into electrical signals for the brain to interpret. Acoustic hearing aids commence technologically advanced tremendously with apiece aid handling miniscule microphones, processors, and receivers (Townsley). Sound is picked up through the microphone then processed into the specific hearing range of the user. For example, an air conduction hearing aid would pick up sound and strengthen racy or low pitched noises to explosion the hearing of the patient. Air conduction hearing aids benefit individuals suffering from cochlear damage, where the hair cel ls that draw hearing certain frequencies to the auditory nerve have deteriorated.Bone conduction oriented hearing involves bypassing the external ear and transmitting sound via the rams of the human body, preferably the skull. There are two types of hit the books conducting hearing aids, bone conduction bands and bone anchored hearing aids. Unlike bone conduction bands, bone anchored hearing aids involve penetrating the skin by surgically implanting a titanium a savement to the mastoid (Oticon Medical). A microphone sound processor latches to this implant in order to right off transmit sound as vibrations to the skull (Townsley). Bone conduction bands consist of a microphone, processor, and elastic band. These two mechanical components latch to the band that is worn around the patients head. The bone conduction hearing aid provides a solution to those with profound hearing passing with sensorineural damage, single-sided deafness, or atresia, a birth defect where individuals are innate(p) without an ear canal. This option of hearing has gained most recognition from its ability to foster the common condition, single-sided deafness. Individuals who suffer such, have an impaired ability to detect the fashion of sounds and to separate background noise to make sense of speech (Townsley). To keep down tinges of social isolation and exclusion from this, patients use specifically bone conduction hearing aids to regain consciousness of the position of sound and its source. Moreover, bone conduction hearing aids are used during hearing tests to get out whether a patient suffers external or sensorineural ear damage (Townsley).The use of air conduction is constant for those with normal hearing. Individuals with unobstructed external ear pathways and normal sensorineural function will automatically hear all sounds acoustically. Air conduction technology encompasses all appliances that allow individuals to hear sound. These include hearing aids, speaker units, head phones, speaker implanted into cars and computers, etc. A order of technology utilizes air conduction sound transmission, but the functional inclination of creating sound has non since presented any different potential uses.Though bone conduction technology has been around for centuries, modern developments have shown the magnitude of its use. Ludwig cutting edge Beethoven, born in the late 1700s, utilized sound bite principles to soothe music later on he threw a temper tantrum, fell over, and stood up to realize he had lost all hearing. By biting on a special rod tie to the soundboard on a piano that he could bite, Beethoven allowed musical vibrations to transfer to his jaw to increase his perception of the sound.(Ealy 143) Bone conduction technology has since advanced as a safety precaution for cryptical war machine operations and daily activities. British Aeorspace Sy musical themes constructed bone conduction inspired helmets allowing soldiers to hear comms over the o bstreperouslyest battlefield noises and bone phones, ear pieces to use for silent communication (Wood). The documented navy cachet raid that killed Osama Bin Laden stated the vitality of bone phones for that mission (Owen). The fundamentals of the bone phones have shifted to also accomodate citizens. In a direct conducted by the University of Maryland, it concluded that 70% of all transportation accidents involving earphones led to death. The macrocosm of bone conduction headphones henceforth came about. To promote situational awareness, users can listen to music through a headpiece that firmly sits transducers in front of the ear, on the cheekbones. Hollers and honks from surrounding cars will be heard by the user because their inwrought hearing sense is no longer depleted by an ear phone. Moreover, certain cell phone companies have begun to develop a bone conduction microphone. For busy men and women who must take calls on the go, but struggle to make their responses apparent and environment non-apparent to their recipient, this speaker will directly pick up the vibrations of their voice simply by resting on their head and transferring it to the phone to process and link to the recipient end. These products have been manufactured into articles of attire that can be worn on the head such as baseball caps and glasses. These developments prove that bone conduction technology is advancing into uses beyond the hearing impaired.Additionally bone conduction has been utilized as a selling gimmick. In the summer of 2015, a Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) in South Africa hoped to increase its relevance through creating a modern interior entertainment system. With the growing number of unsigned musical artists and the fact that KFC was non a record label, the fast food chain decided to pass piss record t up to(p)s (Chase and Brandt). They took advantage of bone conduction principles by engineering tables where customers would bottom their elbows on the table an d cup their hands on their ears to get a musical treat (Chase and Brandt). This soaring-tech addition collapseed outstanding results in job increased the average d wellspring time of the customer in salt away and widespread social media hype about the innovation as well as overwhelmingly positive feedback about the experience (Chase and Brandt). Bone conduction has hitd a new form of advertisement in an exciting and interactive way that it has been introduced into the public transportation systems in Munich and North Rhine-Westphalia. In 2013 peddle Go, a mobile streaming service, enhanced the glass windows of trains to transmit messages through bone conduction to passengers who lay their head on the window. This glass emits high frequencies that the brain processes into words heard by no one else on the train except for those who also have laid their head on the window. Information on weather, music, and advertisements transmitted into the commuters heads. Despite a Sky Go re presentative, Susanne Keyzers, claiming passengers were surprised but adoreed this new form of advertising, on camera reactions prove that bone conduction may not be the best fit for transit advertisements. Several passengers looked shocked then angry for not organism able to shut their eyes for nap while leaning against a window (Dicker). Though bone conduction has introduced an entirely new balance to the world of advertisement, manufacturers must recognize the line between voluntary interaction and invasion of privacy. For its invasive characteristics, the talk of the town window has opened an aspect of marketing known as guerilla advertising.Outside of practical and marketing use, bone conduction technology has also made strides in the recreational and quilt fields. Aquatic sportswear companies such as FINIS Incorporated have developed underwater headphones, dub pick out the Neptune headphones, through the use of bone conduction principles. This modern innovation mimics th e way whales and dolphins communicate underwater (Smith) by transferring sound as vibrations from an mp3 player to small pieces latched over the cheekbones. The music plays as if inside the users head, bad this new headphone a surreal (Smith) reputation. Another company that hoped to take advantage of bone conductions potentials uses was Google. In 2013, Google created its first Google deoxyephedrine prototype, a glasses gadget that could provide information to its user instantly by organism closer to the human senses (Warr). Essentially computer glasses, these gadgets included a bone conduction speaker to transfer information to the user regarding camera use, earnings information, map directions, or music. Due to its still continuing development, the Google codswallop has neer been sold to the public. The head Glass coordinator, Tony Fadell, spoken out that several versions of Google Glass are being made for different situations. Currently, an Enterprise Edition exists which a imed at businesses in healthcare, manufacturing, and energy industries. And beyond that, bone conduction has become a player in the comfort industry. Integrated Listening Systems built a Dreampad bone conduction pillow in 2014 (Kooser). The Dreampad consisted of several bone conduction speakers fitted into all sort of pillows to jockstrap sing users into a pleasant slumber. Their address audiences encompassed those diagnosed with insomnia and those who wish to listen to music or audiobooks to sleep while their bed buddy may prefer complete silence. By using a very subtle sound bone conduction based approach, the Dreampad soothed community to sleep. The expanse of bone conduction technology from underwater workouts to inducing sleep, play up its many uses as compared to air conduction technology.Not only does bone conduction offer a new take on empty items, it also has become a vital part of entertainment experiences for the deaf community. Recently, the world famous DJ Martin G arrix and the soda brand 7Up teamed up to create a Concert for the Deaf. In cooperation with Fake Love, Martin Garrix and 7UP created a concert for the deaf that utilized a variety of tactile experiments and features to give participants the experience of feeling their music (Meadow). The project involved the construction of numerous vibrating speaker cones and magnify flooring, revolving around bone conduction principles, so that the deaf attendees would be able to interact and physically feel the music around them. Visuals were paired to water experiments that the music itself brought to life, creating a completely seamless and encompassing audio and visual experience(Meadow). The designers of this concert created plexi-glass boxes with a thin base level of water. Attached to the bottom, were lights and vibrating speaker cones that vibrated the water at different frequencies. These vibrations accompanied the visual projections and ultimately the overcome played by Martin Garrix . Some attendees were also fitted with Subpac-like backpack systems that conveyed bass passim the body (Meadow). The project thoroughly utilized bone conduction principles in order to gear a musical concert to an all-deaf audience. Though the vibrations could not be perceived as sound because of the audiences complete auditory deafness, the vibrations could be picked up by the bones of the human body in rhythms perceptible to the brain. And the results succeeded expectations. People of all ages who had never heard a sound in their entire lives or for many years enjoyed a night of electronic music and dancing to beats that literally flowed through their bodies. Bone conduction technology can create new cheats, but it can also be a fundamental principle in creating life experiences that yield lasting adds of joy and happiness.Some may argue that although bone conduction technology offers a spectrum of uses, its tonicity does not permit it to reach serious potential. Many online reviews of bone conduction inspired works such as Google Glass or the Dreampad are negative. Users usually feel dissatisfied with the vibrational sound being muffled and unclear, and for certain developments, users find them physically unappealing. A recent ordinary review on the Dreampad gave credit for its impressive technology but derailed it for its especial(a) application (Lovejoy). It also detailed the false sense of the Dreampads efficacy by discussing its limited research. The Dreampad advertising site claimed to have had performed a study with Columbia University. However, the study in its entirety included xxix people with only ten actually using the Dreampad pillow. Additionally, Lovejoy noted that the bone conduction music was almost painful to listen to and that the given podcasts were some(prenominal) muffled and quiet even at maximum volume. plainly, this demonstrates only one heavily studied and documented opinion. For the Google Glass, a plethora of complaints and criticisms arose. Initially this invention held highly regard, being named one of TIME magazines surmount Inventions of the Year as well as receiving an astounding number of pages in several popular magazines, being referenced in popular television shows, and even premiering on the runway for sensitive York Fashion Week. But within a year it began its descent into infamy. Its initial exclusivity made it far more desirable and consider in society. Once technology reviewers got a hold of a pair and two tested and deconstructed it, Google Glass met its down perch. Major criticisms revolved around the creaky bone conduction sound system, abysmal battery life, its plague of cyber-bugs, and limited use (Bilton). Google Glass recording abilities made it banned from bars, movie theaters, and casinos. Despite bone conduction technologies good intentions to thrust humanity into the possibilities of the next, its overall quality has kept it from truly progressing.Clearly, bone condu ction offers a great variety of uses. However, it is not necessarily the better option compared to air conduction both in quality and health. As stated earlier, bone conduction inventions have faced excessive criticism concerning the sound quality and whether or not it is effectively portraying sound to those with hearing disabilities. A common misconception, is that bone conduction is a less risky form of headphone and accordingly healthier. Headphones that are bone conduction oriented will pass sound through the skull and straight to the bones of the middle ear to the cochlea. Likewise, sound that is transferred through air conduction will pass through the ear canal, ear drum, middle ear bones, and the cochlea. Either way, both still put the hair cells of the cochlea at risk when playing loud music. Listening repeatedly to loud volumes will lead to damage of the cochlea no matter what kind of hearing technology.Air conduction and bone conduction principles have led to a vast amou nt of advancements in many aspects of life innovations in hearing, business safety, the work place, and even personal comfort. The limits of acoustic sound application stem from the primary purpose of giving off sound for those of normal hearing. As compared to bone conduction, air conduction does not offer as many potential uses or variety of applications. Through the developments of bone conduction headphones, military helmets, glasses, tables, and even pillows one can truly see the possibilities of bone conduction. And beyond tangible objects, bone conduction has played a role in ensuring the safety of pedestrians and bikers and creating impactful memories of hearing and feeling music. Although there are currently many shortcomings, I believe that bone conduction technology has the call off of making countless technological advances in the future. Bone conduction oriented hearing, as compared to air conduction oriented hearing, is a form of sound transmission that has greater potential for a wider variety of uses.Bone conduction technology has massively expanded in its uses. Now reaching far beyond the hearing aid market it was originally intended for headphones that help ensure safety, and pillows that play silent music to help the user fall asleep. It has greatly transcended the cell phone company market by pass new ways to add clarity and efficiency to calls. Bone conduction has even reached the battle field, by being implemented into military helmets. Soldiers can now clearly receive and understand orders from their commander over the ruinous sounds of cannons, guns, tanks, or aircrafts. It has also become greatly useful in secret operations. By having a slim bone conduction piece attached to the arm, agents are able to communicate silently in the most physically unobvious way without any headpiece or audible sound. And after defense, bone conduction has been monumental in helping the deaf hear. In a recent concert and commercial put on by 7 Up Sod a, the public was able to see how bone conduction speakers and platforms were able to transmit sound to deaf individuals so that they may enjoy a full on visual and physical musical experience. But despite its success and high regard by society, it does have its own shortcomings. Users of bone conduction products have found much fault in its quality as well as its overall efficiency. Reviews on the Google Glass and Dreampad yielded not the most gentle remarks. Critics also point out the use of bone conduction as guerilla advertisement, specifically in the talking window campaign in western Europe. Its invasion of privacy and haywire application by Skygo have somewhat downscaled the popularity of bone conduction. However, seeing the amount of things it can do and accomplish, the multiple inventions made, I have believe that the future of bone conduction technology is promising. The potential uses bone conduction technology has are boundless, and I believe will be vital in the develo pment of future inventions and discoveries.Works CitedBilton, Nick. Why Google Glass Broke. The New York Times. The New York Times, 04 Feb. 2015. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Chase, Pete, and Adam Brandt. Sound Bite Interactive Record Table. Best Ads on TV. YUM Brands. 20 July 2015. Web. 01 Feb. 2017.Dicker, Ron. Train Window Ads Vibrate Into spike Via Bone Conduction As You Lay Head Against Glass (VIDEO). The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 03 July 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Ealy, George Thomas. Of Ear Trumpets and a Resonance Plate Early Hearing acquired immune deficiency syndrome and Beethovens Hearing Perception, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Spring, 1994), pp. 262-273, University of California Press. 27 Nov. 2011. Print. 01 Feb. 2017.Greer, Ray. Bone Conduction Headphones Safety and What to Know. Best of Life Magazine Co. 16 Feb. 2016, pp. 15-20. 01 Feb. 2017.Hsu, Christine. Serious Injuries and Deaths Caused by Headphones Have Tripled Since 2004. Injury Prevention (2012) n. pag. Medical Daily. U niversity of Maryland, 17 Jan. 2012. Web. 01 Feb. 2017.Kooser, Amanda. I let a Bone-conduction take a breather Sing Me to Sleep. CNET. N.p., 25 Nov. 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Lovejoy, Ben. Review Dreampad, the Bluetooth Pillow Speaker with Impressive Tech but Limited Application.9 to 5 Mac. 13 Jan. 2017. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Meadow, Matthew. Martin Garrix Proves He Has A Heart Of Gold In emotionally Charged New Video. Your EDM. LLC, 18 Mar. 2016. Web. 09 Mar. 2017.Monks, Kieron. Bone Conduction Get apply to the Voices in Your Head. CNN. Cable News Network. 29 May 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Oticon Medical .How Bone Conduction Hearing Systems Work. How Bone Conduction Works. Oticon Medical, n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Owen, Mark, and Kevin Maurer. No Easy Day The Autobiography of a Navy SEAL The primary Account of the Mission That Killed Osama Bin Laden. NY, NY Dutton Penguin. 2012. Print. 01 Feb. 2017.Smith, Jennifer. Incredible Underwater Headphones That Transmit euphony to Swimmers Ears by Vibrating Sound through Their Cheekbones . Daily Mail Online. Associated Newspapers, 30 Sept. 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Townsley, Christopher. Professional Audiologist Interview. Personal interview. 30 Jan. 2017.Warr, Philippa. Google Glass to Use Bone Vibration Instead of Traditional Headphones.WIRED UK. WIRED UK, 23 May 2016. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Wood, Anthony. soldiery Helmets Could Soon Feature Bone Conduction Comms. New Atlas up-to-the-minute News. Shutterstock. 10 Sept. 2015. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.

Psychotic Manifestations as Initial Presentation of Glioma

Psychotic Manifestations as Initial Presentation of GliomaPsychotic manifestations as an initial demonstration in a Glioma patient Two Case Reports give noticevass of LiteratureAbstractPsychotic manifestation as an initial presentation of sensation neoplasm is a rargon manifestation of the pristine disease. A 32 years old(a) male patient presented with auditory and opthalmic h everyucinations, delusion of persecutionand profound agitation. The patient was initially suspected as a case of acute psychosis however on imaging work up, whopping central space occupying lesion (SOL) in mastermind was detected. Following surgical remotion of the soul tumor, psychotic manifestations disappe ard. The pathology revealed high grade Glioma. Similar presentation was discover in a 28 years female who first vi commitd abnormal psychology department. Imaging revealed SOL in leftover field parietal lobe. Neuropsychiatric manifestations in these patients have great bearing on the quality of sustenance which has give awayright call on a major concern in the management of the mindset tumors.IntroductionPsychotic manifestations argon usually not seen in primary brain tumor patients. The patient usually presents with headache, vertigo, projectile vomiting, focal neurologic deficits, and gaining controls. Anxiety, depression, mania, psychosis, cognitive or personality deepens may be present as psychotic manifestations. patient roles presenting with psychosis not responding to antipsychotic agent treatment or having focal neurologic deficits and papilloedema should be examined thoroughly to rule out space occupying lesion in brain. The primary(prenominal) objective of this article is to highlight this type of patients who can be helped if flop diagnosed.Case Report 1A 32 year old male was admitted with 3-month history of auditory and visual hallucinations, delusion of persecution, and loss of new-made or remote memories. During the same period patient had also become irritable and with no clouding of consciousness. He complained of headache and vertigo occasionally. uncomplaining having no prior history of psychosis or any narcotic or drugs abuse, or any other medical complaints. Patient received antipsychotic drug for last iii days with no response. magnetic resonance imaging brain showed moderate hydrocephalus related to foramen of Monero obstruction with mild transependymal CSF seepage. hydrops is also seen in the deep right window dressing lobe along the ventricular margin. There is compression of the adjacent brain parenchyma. These MRI findings are harmonious with central glioma attached to septum pellucidum within the right lateral ventricle, showing credit across the midline with a tomoral component in the body of left lateral ventricle. He had bilateral papillo oedema with out focal neurological deficits. On examination, the patient was disoriented to time and place, had woeful attention, poor comprehension, upstart and remote memory loss. He underwent a craniotomy and resection of tumor. There was resolution of all his psychotic symptoms soon after the operation.Case Report 2A 28 years old woman visited to psychiatry department for the complaints of headache, vertigo for last seven months. From last 10 days she complaints of heard sounds that soulfulness whispering in her ears. Since last 3 days she having violent out brust with visual hallucination and develop seizures. She was given benzodiazepine with phenytoin. Response to treatment was poor. MRI brain reveled large SOL in left parietal region, findings are compatible with glioma. After removal of tumor all symptoms subside.Discussion judgement tumours are commonly associated with neurological deficits but rarely psychiatric manifestations may be seen. The cause underlying most patients presenting in this manner are functional causes such as manic-depressive psychosis, schizophrenia and substance or drugs abuse of various types. The degr ee to which organic causes are responsible for psychiatric manifestations is difficult to determine hence accurate diagnosis in these cases can be a diagnostic challenge. Attempts have been made to categorize brain tumors in accordance with the location of the tumor in the brain . Filley and Kelinschmidt-De Mastersreported that tumors in frontal lobe usually cause abulia, depression or personality change and tumors in the temporolimbic areas, mania, panic attacks, amnesia or auditory and visual hallucinations. 1 Uribedescribe connective with schizophrenia- resembling psychoses to left hemispheric malfunction and affective disorders to right hemispheric malfunction. In areas, such as the intraventricular occipital lobe, corpus callosum only transeunt symptoms are produced without localizing signs and tumors can grow considerably. 2 Binderdescribed a series of three cases of patients with no or minimal neurologic signs or symptoms with brain tumors, they all had tumors in silent are as of the brain. 3 Burns and Swerdlowdescribed a case presented with alterations in sexual behavior, poor impulse control, and sociopathy in an orbitofrontal tumor. 4 In some cases, symptoms can respond to antipsychotic treatments, further complicating the diagnosis. Detailed history, brain imaging, information from collateral sources become essential, when brain tumors develop in patients with established psychiatric disorders as psychiatric patients are known to have difficulties in reporting and describing their own symptoms. 5Cognitive worsening occurring during the course of brain tumour progression was reported by Taphoorn et al in his study, main objective of clinical management of brain tumor is to remove the tumor, restore neurologic functions and treatment of psychiatric symptoms. 6 Treatment modalities like surgery/ radiotherapy/ chemotherapy have good result if tumor surface is small. A 9 year-old boy on MRI having tumour in the anterior third ventricle associated hydr ocephalus and papilledema is presented with psychosis as the initial presentation. 7 Patient remained free of symptoms after resection of the tumor at one-year follow-up. Even much intriguing has been the reported association of posterior fossa structural abnormalities with neuropsychiatric symptoms . It is hypothesized that in these cases disruption of the cerebellar output to mesiodopaminergic areas, locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei or deafferentation of the thalamolimbic circuits by cerebellar lesions may lead to these behavioural and psychiatric changes. A 55-year-old woman with a six year history of uncontrollable thickening partial seizures and severe delusions is reported to have improved following removal of a right frontal lobe mixed oligoastrocytoma or dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour. 8 The anatomic site which control human behavior and emotions are believed to be the circuits of limbic arranging which interact with the basal ganglia and disturbances in these a rrangements are primarly responsible for manifestations of psychiatric symptoms. 9, 10 In patients hospitalized for psychotic affective disorder abnormalities have been found in left subgenual cingulate. Schizophrenic disorder was observed in patients suffering from agenesis of septum pellucidum . Y et another study has demonstrated lateral and third ventricular working out as well as preferential ab circuits of the limbic system and the interactions with the basal ganglia normalities of medial temporal lobe structures including the amygdala, hippocampus, and the parahippocampal gyrus and neocortical temporal lobe regions in patients with schizophrenia. The positive correlation between structural brain abnormalities and mental unhealthiness has been borne out by several studies. These include ventriculomegaly and smaller temporal lobes, frontalparietal and superior temporal gyrus grey matter. Hippocampal al-Quran decline has been reported in schizophrenia as well as volume reduc tion in the parahippocampal and fusiform gyri on the left side in another study on schizophrenics.1.Filley C M, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Neurobehavioral presentations of brain neoplasms. westernmost J Med.199516319-25.2. Uribe VM. Psychiatric symptoms and brain tumor. Am Fam Physician. 19863495-98.3.Filley C M, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Neurobehavioral presentations of brain neoplasms. West J Med.199516319-25.4.Binder RL. Neurologically silent brain tumors in psychiatric hospital admissions three cases and areview. J Clin Psychiatry. 19834494-97.5. Madhusoodanan S, Danan D, Brenner R, Bogunovic O. Brain tumor and psychiatric manifestations acase report and brief review. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 200416111-113.6. Taphoorn MJ, Schiphorst AK, Snoek FJ, et al. Cognitive functions and quality of life inpatients with low-grade gliomas the impact of radiotherapy. Ann Neurol 1994 36 48-54.7. Carson BS, Weingart JD, Guarnieri M, Fisher PG. Third ventricular choroids plexus papilloma with psy chosis. Case report. J Neurosurg 1997 Jul 87(1) 103-8.8. Sato T, Takeichi M, Abe M, Tabuchi K, Hara T. Frontal lobe tumour associated with late-onset seizure and psychosis acase report. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 1993 Sept 47(3)541-4.9. Feldman RP, Alterman RL, Goodrich JT. Contemporary psychosurgery and a look to the future. J Neurosurg 2001 95 944-956.10. MacLean PD. The limbic system (visceral brain) and emotional behaviour. repellent Neurol Psychiatry 1955 73 130-134.

Indias Current Relations And Foreign Policy Politics Essay

Indias actual Relations And Foreign Policy Politics Essay Modern Indias contradictory polity came in to be with the independence in 1947. Till then, the nation, as a satellite of the British Empire, was bound by the identity and postulates of inappropriate policy dictated by the erstwhile Empire. Thereafter, India charted a course of its witness in bloodsucking foreign policy. The homogeneous being a subject of colossal scope and non particularly relevant to this thesis is not discussed here. It would be worthwhile in scheme of things to discuss the basic determinants which steer Indias policy in case of midpoint East which is base on quest five primary factors7-(a) Reliance on lay East bollix and oil, which makes it binding on India to maintain cordial traffic with most of the study suppliers, including Iran, UAE, Qatar, Saudi-Arabian-Arabian Arabia and Iraq. However, India does not want to face any temporary cut-off in its supplies or an change magnitude price hi ke. Also, it does not want to be dependent on Pakistan in this regard.(b) While being a secular democracy, India is likewise a study Islamic state, and likenesss with Iran, in particular, resonate in the northern Indian heartland, notably Uttar Pradesh. Also, India has a large group of Shia champion groups. Thus, India has to balance among its foreign and frugalal policies on one hand, and home(prenominal) politics on the other(a). Indias preferred strategy is to avoid, at all costs, any stark choice amongst the loss of domestic political back up and achieving some foreign policy goal.(c) India is hyper sensitive to criticism of its policies in Kashmir, and wants to make the major Muslim nations from either intervening in Kashmir or bread and butter Pakistan. Thus, India conducts balance of power diplomacy, aimed at countering Pakistani lure in Middle East and to keep Kashmir away from any discussions.(d) India has initiated relations with Israel in content of techno logy, military benefits intelligence leading to increase in its influence in Washington. However, India has to carefully balance its equations with Israel and other Middle East nations.(e) India similarly does not want to run afoul of USs non-prolif whiletion policies in the Middle East, eventide though strategically speaking India has reservations about us non-prolif timetion goals and tactics. conventionally India was instrumental in building a theoretical case once over once against NPT. The same arguments are now been used by Iran and North Korea for advancing their cases.14. The major doers in Middle East region presently are Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq and Israel. The other smaller disconnect States like Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE, Lebanon, Syria, Kuwait, Yemen and few other states construct the rest of Middle East region. Out of the said nations Iraq presently has ceased to be an Copernican power in the region after the occupation by the UN forces backed mainly by US and NATO states.15. India has traditionally pursued a pro-Arab policy to fightds Middle East nations and remained aligned against Israel until 1990s. This was basically aimed at countering Pakistans influence in the region and to secure access to Middle East vegetable oil resources. In the late 1960s and 1970s, India successfully developed mutually just economic exchanges with a number of Middle East countries particularly Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and other Persian states, thereby, improving bilateral relations with them. This strong race particularly with Iran and Iraq helped India weather the displeasure of Islamic nations during 1971 Indo-Pak war.8The alliance was further cemented by Indias anti Israeli stance during 1967 and 1973 Arab Israel conflict. The situation continued until 1978 and 1979 when the establishing of Islamic government activity under Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan supporting the Marxist governing in Kabul complicated India s relations with Middle East. This resulted in weakening of Iran as regional power and emergence of Pakistan as important player in balance of power in the region. The major powers like US, china and Arab world aligned themselves towards Pakistan to counter the rising Soviet influence in the region. For about a decade India did the act of fine balancing its patronage and role in the region. However, in the 1990s India took a deviation from its stanch anti Israel stand and initiated relations with the Zionist state. This was dictated by hard-nosed economic and aegis considerations in the post Cold war era and the influence of Hindu nationalist sentiments. Thus, following the example of Soviet sodality and China, India also established relations with Israel. Once again during the Persian disjunction War (1990-91) Indias Middle East policy had to face a brand-new test. It had to decide between adhering to its traditional Non Alignment policy sympathetic to Iraq or favour the co alition of Arab and Western countries which would have been beneficial to Indias economic and security interests. After initial ambivalent speak to India conjugate ranks with the later and support the UN resolution authorising the use of force to expel Iraq from the Kuwaiti territory. The improvement of relations with most Middle East nations was pursued with renewed vigour by the Indian government in mid 1990s. The present relations of India with Middle East nations are discussed in subsequent paragraphs.16. Saudi Arabia. Historically Indo- Saudi ties have been based on trade. In the old times it mingled spices and in modern times it has start out based on petroleum. Besides, the twain nations also share cultural ties due to the large number of Muslim population in India and 1.6 million Indian work force in Saudi.9India and Saudi Arabia initially established diplomatic relations in 1952 and their kinship progressed smoothly in the 1950s but suffered during the Cold war era due to Indias inclination towards the Soviet block and Saudis traditionally closelipped relations with Pakistan. Thereafter, Indias relations improve with Saudi Arabia in beginning of 1980s and increased cooperation was seen in economic, trade, science, technical and cultural fields. However, once again the relations mat the heat on account of different stands taken by both the nations during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. The Saudi Arabia initially support the mujahideens followed by the Taliban, whereas, the India support the cause of the Northern Alliance. The relations between the devil once again saw improvement in 1990s leading to increased visits, exchanges and economic and scientific cooperation. This was followed by the signing of Delhi Declaration in 2006, a simple ranging agreement which includes in its ambit mutual agreement to strengthen and let out economic ties, cooperating in combating international crime and ensuring the stability of the oil trade.10The relations between both the nations are grounded on the following defining factors-(a) Economic. Although, based on energy exports the bilateral trade affinity between the twain has grown significantly since mid 1990s. In FY 2007 India imported $ 12.4 one million million of petroleum from Saudi Arabia (26% of Indias overall petro import). The non-oil bilateral trade also increased from$ 1.3 cardinal in FY-2002 to $ 3.5 billion in FY-2007. In addition India also sure remittances worth $3 billion from the workers in Saudi Arabia. The predicted bilateral non-oil trade between the two nations is likely to cross $7 billion in FY-2010.11(b) Defence, Labour Relations and Education. India and Saudi Arabia are working towards an increased cooperation on defence and related technology. The sizable Indian diaspora in Saudi Arabia is also an important contributor to the required workforce so vital to its economy. other focus area between the two nations is education and efforts are being made to enable increased number of Saudi Arabia students to pursue lay Graduate and Doctoral stu get goings, especially in technical institutions of India.17. Iran. The relations between Iran and India trace back to 3500 years ago, however, in much of the twentieth ascorbic acid they have shared a unstable relationship. Diplomatic ties between the two commenced in 1950 but immediately faced the first roadblock when Iran joined the Baghdad Pact. Thereafter, the relations improved in 1960s but again received a setback when Iran aided Pakistan in 1965 conflict against India. sequent to 1971s decisive victory over Pakistan the relation between the two slates improved considerably and led to number of agreements including that on nuclear cooperation in 1974.12However, the formation of theocratic Iran in 1979, subsequent to the Islamic Revolution once again upset the apple cart. The relationship between the two remained cold during the entire 1980s as Iran didnt show any inclination to improve the relationship and India remained wary that Iran ordain import Shiate terrorism to India. The relationship between the two improved in 1990 due to Indias desire to secure energy supplies and economic opportunities in Central Asia and the opposition of both the countries to the Taliban in Afghanistan. The rise of Sunni Islamist forces in Afghan theatre, especially Pakistan based Taliban proved a great unifying(a) force leading to deterioration of Iran- Pakistan relations. The Indo-Iran relations picked up further pulse as India opened towards it due to its energy requirements subsequent to loss of Iraqi sources after 1991 disjunction war. The main foundations of relations between India and Iran are discussed on a lower floor-(a) Economics and Energy. India is worlds sixth largest consumer of energy and Iran is the fourth largest supplier, obviously, energy is the most important pillar between them.13Both the nations have held regular bilateral meetings center primar ily on the energy supply issues including the proposal for a liquefied Gas Pipeline from Iran to India through Pakistan and alternatively, through tanker. However, the said scheme has not been fructified due to US pressure on India and Pakistan against the deal and the Indian panic that it will provide Pakistan too much leverage over Indian energy supplies. However, the plan has proved resilient and not yet died down. slowdown certain other bottlenecks to the scheme have emerged inform of increased determine by Iran. On its part India is keen to commence procurement of LNG by sea, which will require establishing LNG terminals at Iran to allow exports. This is not possible because it will require certain US components which will end up violating the US sanctions against Iran. The present state of the said scheme is in limbo.(b) Defence Cooperation. defense mechanism cooperation has been another important part of the Indo-Iranian relationship. In the 1990s, India assisted Iran wi th upgrading its Russian-built military equipment, including adapting batteries for its Kilo-class diesel submarines avionics upgrades for its MiG-29 fighters. Since 2000, India has conducted joint patrols or exercises with the majority of the navies of the Indian Ocean littoral. The 2003 meeting between Khatami and Vajpayee on Indias Republic Day produced the Road Map to Strategic Cooperation, which presents goals for put to deathing the cooperation envisioned in the New Delhi Declaration. A number of reports have mentioned to a greater extent direct Indo-Iranian cooperation in the realm of defense, such as Tehrans acquiescence to Iran-based Indian intelligence operations and even potential Indian military bases in Iran. Indias assistance in upgrading the Iranian port of Chahbahar has led many to translate that Indian warships would be based there in order to ruff Pakistans China-assisted Gwadar port, seemingly pitting rising power against rising power.18. Israel. Indo-Israeli t ies remained at a low level throughout the cold war for both ideologic and practical reasons. Indias large Muslim population was, of course, a factor. Furthermore, Jawaharlal Nehru, Indias prime minister of religion until 1964 was a close friend of Egypts Nasser, who was an implacable foe of Israel. While India and Israel sporadically aidd on mutual interests, such as Israeli aid to India during the 1962 war with China or proposed plans to destroy the Pakistani reactor at Kahuta in the 1980s,14their public relationship often was acrimonious, especially after the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, which put Indias ally in direct conflict with Israel. In fact, in 1975 India publicly supported and funded the Palestine Liberation Organization and voted for the UN resolution to equate Zionism with racism. The decline of the Soviet Union forced India to re-evaluate its foreign policy resulting in opening of the Indian economy and a desire to trade with high-tech states, including Israel. The new a pproach to foreign policy, combined with the new initiatives to end the Arab-Israeli conflict in the a evoken of the 1991 Gulf War and the push by the opposition led to India initiating close ties with Israel and the two countries established full diplomatic relations in 1992. For intimately a decade afterward, commercial trade in arms and other goods thrived and ties were quietly strengthened. Indo-Israeli military exercises and agreements in the fields of the environment, health, illicit traffic in drugs, visa waivers for diplomatic service personnel, and an educational cultural exchange program. In the same year, India and Israel issued the Delhi Statement on Friendship and Cooperation, in which they agreed to cooperate closely on counterterrorism and called on the international community to take decisive work against cross-border terrorism and money-laundering operations to finance terrorism.19. Defense collaboration and arms gross sales with Israel picked up in January 1999 when the United States withdrew the sanctions that it had imposed on India in the wake of New Delhis 1998 nuclear test. In the late 1990s India purchased unmanned gay vehicles, artillery, and radar systems from Israel. The emerging Indo-Israeli relationship was codified in 2001 with the creation of the adjunction Defense Cooperation Group, which meets annually to solidify defense deals and military ties and coordinate the security relationship. India has become Israels largest arms market, overtaking Russia in 2009. India has purchased a wide range of technically advanced equipment and weapons from Israel, including antimissile radar and electronic warfare components for the Indian navy and manner force, for a total of more than $5 billion since 2002.20. Indias Relations with The piddling Gulf States. Indias ties with the geographically small but economically important Gulf states of Oman, Qatar, the UAE, Bahrain, and Kuwait have been historically good due to trade and migratio n and their present-day(prenominal) economic relationship is booming. Indias trade with the six Gulf Cooperation Council states (excluding oil) totaled $86.9 billion in FY 2008-09, surpassing Indias trade with the European Union ($80.6 billion), the ASEAN (Association of southeastern Asian Nations) countries ($44.6 billion), and the United States ($40.6 billion).15Looking to the future, Indian leaders have verbalized a desire to continue the rapid expansion of trade, attract Gulf investment for major infrastructure projects, and broaden their Gulf state relationships beyond economics. In a May 2008 speech in Abu Dhabi, Indias external personal business minister, Pranab Mukherjee, called for a transformation of Indias relations with the Gulf states beyond that of a buyer-seller relationship to a more substantial and enduring partnership. With Indias thriving economic relationship with the Gulf, continuing demographic ties and nascent defense cooperation, such an evolution may al ready be under way.

Marketing Management Assignment At Tescos Business Commerce Essay

merchandising Management Assignment At Tescos Business Commerce attemptThe biggest private super grocery store Tesco has much than 360000 employees all over the world .More than 80% of intact sales atomic number 18 from England. Tesco runs more(prenominal) than 2,300 super commercializes, hypermarkets, and convenience stores in the UK. Tesco is the market drawing card in grocery. Tesco also provides the facilities of online market. They are promotion their caper with the help of boob tube and separate retail based education centre. Tesco ope casts more than 10 countries including Korea ,China and lacquer .They puzzle recently opened their branches in Us .They have spread out their market in four kind of storage range which areTesco metro which is established in big city and town. Where we jakes mis rule a lot of feed items.Tesco super store, which is wide range of non- food itemsTesco extra is generally food and non food items including the seasonal items. Now days, Te sco is a market draw in UK supermarket sector.Tesco express has located small areas where we jackpot buy fresh local food. machinate abbreviationSwot analysis is the most important and first stage of planning. It is a feedback mechanism to shuffle new strategies for any organisation. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats are the four components of a swot analysis. Weaknesses and Strengths are correlated and examine the internal part of the job analysis whereas Opportunities and Threats chain reactor with the external environment of business operation. Weaknesses and strengths refer to aspect of marketing, finance, manufacturing or organisational structure. Swot analysis helps clarifies the objectives of the organisation.Strength of Tesco proficient reputation among the costumer.Strong financial support.Good and healthy environment and low cost policy.Awareness of brand.Global market and same production but different quality base on diversity stake holders.Global lea der in online grocery sales. versatile range product and 24 hour open.On line shop and DiversificationWeakness of TescoInternational brand and local competitors. deprivation of decent self serve.Lack of experiences on local market.Not good location.Lack of good quality.Opportunities of TescoA strong node demand and good services. r all(prenominal)ing of new technologies.International expansion.Increases stakeholders and globalisations market..Low cost market.Threats of TescoStrong competitive market. in the buff regulations and increased trade barrier.High Competition for customers and resources.Changing social trends.Marketing Objective of TescoThe biggest supermarkets might have the following objectives.More than 20% locate in market share.More than 10% target in toll of operations margin.Customer sponsorship and encouragements.Employee motivation and performance management.Respected corporation(the number of stakeholders who keep Tesco)Tesco animal trainer must ensure th at its sets SMART marketing objectives, which are measurable, well timed(p) limited, attainable and relevant.Marketing Strategy of TescoAfter the market research Tesco conductor applied retail outline to find who their customers are in each market and what they exigency now and in the future. Tesco execute all the retail process system and trade system of government that enables them to express to the customer. Tesco manager wants to find out the customer needfully and satisfaction and he add it to them.Tesco manager helped to extend a succession of supermarket from existence an unbeneficial also ran to being market leader with a 33% market share and a 4% base line.Tesco manager keep together teams of consultant that had authentic all the strategies that Tesco and the worldwide leading retailers supermarkets. Tesco flow the retail strategy into their market to find out who their customers are, what they want, but above all washstand genuinely deliver consistently to the cus tomer..Tesco has a clear strategy, with growth being conform to from four areasThe core UK grocery business,Non-food,International expansion andRetailing services such as financial services packages.Essentially, Tesco is using its heavy dissipated core to maintain the business instant over as it fashion new riskier areas of growth. Pushing further into non-food in the next phase Lidl and Aldi are currently destroying the bazaar by selling the products lower cost cost. Therefore, Tescos arouseonical strategy pull up stakes have to be cost leadership, unless Tesco manager can successfully differentiate their line of clothing so that they can accuse a premium price.Tesco have adopted an environmental open policy. It will assist them to attain a more environmentally conscious deputation .They have continued to lower prices and raise their manufactured goods ranges year on year. That is an example of Tesco cost-leadership strategy as well as capability to hush up in customersan y marketing strategy will involve analysing the markets, customer needs and satisfaction, and which products to offer. These strategies are implemented through and through marketing plans, which involve tiny decisions about factors such as the price and the demeanor of product distributed. So Tesco must decide on its pattern of entry in scathe of, own stores, Internet selling or joint venture with an breathing national retailer.Strategic Analysis of TescoTesco managers face so many obstacles in trying to find out the environments and its threats. First obstacle is environment of Tesco. environs creates many different influences and it makes sense of this diversity in a way which is direct concern and contributes to make strategy decision. The second difficult is ever-changing new technology and speed of global communication, for analysing the environment we have to auditing the environmental influence on business. It is important that what kind of environment influence have be en face in past.And the extent to which can make only of these more or less significant in the future for any employers and their competitors.In past analysis we have to analyze its factor and influence on an transcription. Such kind of influence is a growing trend of organization towards globalisation and possible future of organization. It helps to consider the existing strategic which might need to swap.Pest analysisPolitical/legalPolitical factors can have a direct impact on the way business operation. In political factors implys governments regulations and legal issues which plantd formal and informal rulesGovernments task policy.Health and safety police.New governments law and policy.Political situation and governments stability. utilisation law, politician trade and labour union.Economic factorsIt is true that all business is affected by economic factors of country. Economics factors affected the purchasing great power of customers.Per -Capita income and interest rate. Trade union and economic condition of nation.Government lone, gold supply interest rates.Economic crisis.Unemployment rate of country.3) Socio cultural factorsSocial factors include the demographic and cultural aspects. Social factors direct affected customer and needs and size of customer in potential marketsMobility of society.New remarkable change in human life style. genteelness take and different grow and society.Different perspectives and social trends.Social transfer, Tradition perception and new globalization world.4) TechnologicalNew changeable technology is being more intriguing for any organisations and it is changing the way business operates. Some technological factors that direct related to Tesco areThe rate of changing technology.New scientific attitude and miss use.Nuclear innovation, its fear and effect on globalization market.The evaluate of obsolescence andGovernment investment and focus on technology effort.In 2008 update on Tesco UK Online Market Share was Tesco 27.1%Asda 10.1%Aldi (which doesnt sell online) 9.5%Sainsburys 6.9%Waitrose / Ocado on 4.2%The above carry over shows that Tesco is more successful and market leaders organization in UK (in call of market share)Business wit of TescoWe can define the business scorecard as performance management tool, which began as a concept for resolve whether the first scale outcomes in terms of Tesco view and strategy.It helps to Tesco for define the value, military mission and SWOT analysis. The business scorecard is base on for perspective financial status of the Tesco.The internal process of the Tesco.The level of customer satisfaction of Tesco.Education and development process of Tesco.The main area of financial perspective is egest on investment, cash flow, return on capital employees and financial results of Tesco. natural business process shows that number of activities per function, duplicate activities across function, process system and process bottlenecks. In customer sat isfaction level we can define quality and delivery performance to customer, customer satisfaction and retention rate and customer overflow in market. Job satisfaction, employee turnover, learning opportunities and accurate level of skill for the job are the area of education and development process.The death penalty of business scorecardsThe business scorecard must consequence inenhance process of Tesco.Encouraged workers. modify information system.Monitored development.Huge customer approval.Improved monetary convention.llConclusionAny marketing strategy will involve analysing the markets, customer needs and satisfaction, and which products to offer. These strategies are implemented through marketing plans, which involve detailed decisions about factors such as the price and the way of product distributed. So Tesco must decide on its model of entry in terms of, own stores, Internet selling or joint venture with an existing national retailerTesco is the marker leader in food retail on the current market situation. It more than 2000 supermarket, hypermarkets and convenience store in the UK, Ireland, central Europe and Asia. The objective vision and strategy of Tesco are cleared. Especially the case study is focus on Tesco strategy and its business scorecard, which determine the performance management tools. Business scorecard helps to Tesco for define the value and its four prospective. Tesco has the different marketing strategy Tescos basal strategy will have to be cot leadership and growth. Tesco want to be a bet supermarket in its stakeholder perception so it complies with law and ethnical standard. Tesco maintain clean organized culture and respect to customers.We can found that Tesco plc marketing strategy is different and sample then other local supermarkets. They flow different policy and management process in each store.

Adobe and the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act :: Hackers Hacking Computers Technology Essays

adobe and the 1998 digital Millennium Copyright Act1. The Background.In July of 2001 a Russian programmer Dmitry Sklyarov , an employee of ElcomSoft arrived at DefCon9 hacker conference which was held in Alexis common land Hotel in Las Vegas. DefCon conferences were designed for hackers from around the world to meet in Las Vegas and vaunt their skills, while checking the innovations and techniques of other hackers (www.defcon.com). ElcomSoft is a privately owned software ripening company with headquarters in Moscow, Russia which specializes in Password Re accounty software, move Disk catalog, Advanced Registry Tracker and E-Book Processing software. (note the e-book processing software is lock up advertised on the companys website www.elcomsoft.com). Dmitry Sklyarov gave a speech, titled eBooks security - theory and traffic pattern about ElcomSofts software which was designed to crack egiss on Adobe Systems eBooks. here is what the software was doing Advanced eBook Inscrib er, or simply AEBIN, is a program to interchange Sealed eBooks in Microsoft Reader (.LIT) format to Inscribed ones. Sealed eBooks merchant ship be created with Microsoft Reader Content SDK (available for free) or various 3rd political party tools AEBIN allows to add any purchaser-specific information (such as purchasers name or hostelry number) to the Sealed eBook, so that information will be shown on the cover page of the book when it is opened in Microsoft Reader. This reinforces honest usage by consumers. 1.Adobe charged Sklyarov and ElcomSoft with violating a 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA) was the foundation of an effort by coitus to implement United States treaty obligations and to move the nations copyright law into the digital age... Key among the topics included in the DMCA are provisions concerning the bilkion of copyright protection systems, fair use in a digital environment, and online service provider (OSP ) liability (including details on safe harbors, damages, and notice and takedown practices). Resources on these and other topics are included below. 2. (note while I was opening an Adobe PDF format document with DMCA, my computer froze twice, causing me to loose most of my essay).FBI agents arrested Sklyarov on July 17, 2001 after his presentation and charged with distributing a product designed to circumvent copyright protection measures (the AEBPR) (www.freesklyarov.org). He was booked in jail and thus released on $50,000 bail, but was not allowed to go back to his family in Russia, or leave United States for that matter.